Post on 18-Jan-2021
transcript
Test Drive a High Performance Cherry Orchard System
Gregory Lang
Michigan State University
Intensive Cherry Training Systems
- Continually evolving strategies to adapt to variations in
site, climate, varieties, and rootstocks, as well as to
adopt new developments in technology and knowledge
MSU-Clarksville UFO System Cherries
Narrow “Fruiting Wall” Canopies MSU-SWMREC High Tunnel Cherries and Solid-Set Canopy Spray Systems
Photo Courtesy of Mark and Ines Hanrahan
Simplified canopy
architectures are more
adaptable to
mechanization
2-Yr-old growth Last year’s growth
New growth
Non-fruiting spurs Fruiting spurs
Cherry Systems Fundamentals:
Growth and the Basic Fruiting Units
Fruit density increases
terminally A few nonspur fruit
Ayala and Lang, 2004
Understanding this basic set of leaf populations and
fruiting sites is a fundamental key to all training systems
Larger leaves
Basic Growth & Fruiting Units
Year 3:
Fruit populations: 1 spur (e.g., 75 total), 1 non-spur (e.g., 10 total)
Leaf populations: 2 spur (e.g., 120 total), 1 shoot (e.g., 10 x 2X)
Leaf-to-Fruit Ratio: 1.65
Year 4:
Fruit populations: 2 spur (e.g., 150 total), 1 non-spur (e.g., 10)
Leaf populations: 3 spur (e.g., 180 total), 1 shoot (e.g., 10 x 2X)
Leaf-to-Fruit Ratio: 1.25
Basic Growth & Fruiting Units
Anticipation of the future
unbalanced cropping sites can
help in pre-emptive management
to better balance leaf-to-fruit
ratios and improve performance
A dormant heading cut to remove 15 to
30% of last year’s shoot will remove 25
to 40% of the future spur density
Basic Growth & Fruiting Units
Year 3:
Fruit populations: 1 spur (e.g., 40 total), 2 non-spur (e.g., 20 total)
Leaf populations: 3 spur (e.g., 166 total), 2 shoot (e.g., 20 x 2X)
Leaf-to-Fruit Ratio: 2.75
Heading cuts
stimulate new shoot
leaf populations and
non-spur fruit
populations, while
reducing future spur
fruit populations
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Strategies to Optimize Precision
Cropping: The Highly-Structured Tree
Lang, 2000 Inspired by Balanced Pruning Systems for Grapes
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Strategies to Optimize Precision Cropping:
The Highly-Structured Tree
Lang, 2000 De-construct the tree canopy into a simplified fruiting
unit to manage leaf-to-fruit ratios, then repeat
High Performance Orchards:
Precisely-Structured Trees with
Simplified Fruiting Units
Lang 2001
2010 NC140 Sweet Cherry
Training Systems Trial Sites
(13 Planted, 9 Active in 2012)
2010 NC140 Sweet Cherry Training Systems
KGB
TSA SSA
UFO
Kym Green
Bush
Tall Spindle
Axe
Kym Green
Bush
Super Slender
Axe
Upright
Fruiting
Offshoots All have minimal permanent wood (solid green line)
and simplified strategies for fruit wood renewal
TSA Spacing: 1.5 x 3.5 m
(5 x 11.5 ft)
Benton on
Gi3, Gi5, Gi6
Heading of
lateral shoots
to balance
crop load with
leaf area.
Fruiting sites:
both spur and
non-spur
TSA
MSU-Clarksville TSA System Cherries
SSA Spacing: 0.75 x 3.5 m
(2.5 x 11.5 ft)
Benton on
Gi3, Gi6
Annual “short
pruning” of all
lateral shoots
Fruiting sites:
Non-spur
basal flowers
SSA Spacing: 0.75 x 3.5 m
(2.5 x 11.5 ft)
Benton on
Gi3, Gi6
Annual “short
pruning” of all
lateral shoots
Fruiting sites:
Non-spur
basal flowers
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G3 KGB G3 SSA G3 TSA G3 UFO G5 KGB G5 TSA G5 UFO G6 KGB G6 SSA G6 TSA G6 UFO
TCSA (cm2) 2011
TSA SSA
KGB UFO
Gisela 3 Gisela 5 Gisela 6
Root Effect on Tree Vigor
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G3 KGB G3 SSA G3 TSA G3 UFO G5 KGB G5 TSA G5 UFO G6 KGB G6 SSA G6 TSA G6 UFO
TCSA (cm2) 2011
TSA SSA
KGB UFO
Gisela 3 / Gisela 5 / Gisela 6
SSA SSA
TSA
TSA Tree Spacing Effect on Tree Vigor
SSA
MSU-Clarksville SSA System Cherries
KGB Spacing: 1.5 x 3.5 m (5 x 11.5 ft)
Benton on Gi3, Gi5, Gi6
Establishment Years 1 and
2 for the KGB Sweet
Cherry Training System 3 to 4 Heading Times :
1) Short head-prune at planting
2) Short head-prune the 4-5 strongest shoots in mid-June*
3) Short head-prune all shoots to begin Year 2* (target is 15 to 25 upright fruiting unit shoots)
Year 1 Year 2
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G3 KGB G3 SSA G3 TSA G3 UFO G5 KGB G5 TSA G5 UFO G6 KGB G6 SSA G6 TSA G6 UFO
Number Flower Buds 2011
TSA SSA
KGB UFO
Lillrose and Lang, 2011 (preliminary data, not analyzed for publication)
KGB KGB KGB
SSA
SSA
Year 4:
Spur
Fruiting
Year 3:
Basal
Fruiting
Basic Fruiting Units
(Renew 20% per year)
KGB System
KGB
MSU-Clarksville KGB System Cherries
UFO Spacing: 1.5 x 3.5 m (5 x 11.5 ft)
Benton on Gi3, 5, 6
Fruiting is primarily on
spurs like the KGB
Target is 10-15 Uniform Upright Shoots
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30°/B 30°/NB 45°/B 45°/NB 60°/B 60°/NB
% Well Distributed UFO 2010
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30°/B 30°/NB 45°/B 45°/NB 60°/B 60°/NB
Total Shoot Length (cm) UFO 2010
UFO
B = Bud selection & removal
NB = Control (all buds retained)
Lillrose and Lang, 2011 (preliminary data, not analyzed for publication)
RESULTS:
Upright shoot growth (future
fruiting units) and uniformity was
best with planting at 45 to 60
degrees and bud selection/removal
30° 45° 60°
Smaller Caliper Nursery trees
(3/8 to 1/2 inch) perform best;
larger caliper are difficult to
bend, difficult to maintain
after bending, and initiate
fewer balanced upright shoots
UFO
MSU-Clarksville UFO System Cherries
Systems for weaker stocks, sites, scions:
-TSA, SSA: promote vigor with annual
heading of lateral shoots
Intensive System Principles Minimal permanent structure:
- central leader in TSA and SSA
- stump in KGB, cordon in UFO
Simplified, uniform fruiting units:
- lateral shoots in TSA
- upright shoots in KGB, UFO
- short shoots in SSA
Planned, annual renewal of fruiting units:
- every 5 years in TSA, KGB, UFO
- annually in SSA
- renewal helps balance vigor among units
Systems for stronger sites, stocks, scions:
-KGB, UFO: diffuse vigor w/upright growth
High Performance Canopy Architectures to
Optimize Tunnel Fruiting Volume
Fruiting Wall + SSCD Spray System:
Optimized with 8 m (26 ft) Tunnels
5 ft
8 ft 8 ft 8 ft
2 ft 2 ft 2.5 ft 2.5 ft
5 ft 8 ft 8 ft
Tree spacing = 5 x 8 x 8 ft (height) = 1,000 trees/acre; Canopy fruiting volume:
1.5 m (between) x 1.7 m (spread) x 2.0 m (height) x 3 rows = 1.25 m3/m2 tunnel area
MSU Tree Fruit Research
www.cherries.msu.edu Training video clips at:
www.giselacherry.com