The Age of Reformation

Chapter 11 – AP European History

Free Response Essay #2Analyze the aims, methods, and degree of success of the Catholic Reformation (Counter Reformation) in the 16TH Century (2006).

Describe and analyze the ways in which 16th century Roman Catholics defended their faith against the Protestant Reformation.

Compare & contrast the Lutheran Reformation and the Catholic Reformation of the 16th century regarding the reform of both religious doctrines and religious practices.Discuss the social consequences that the Protestant Reformation had from 1517-1600.2001 Released AP European History Free Response Questions

Compare and contrast the motives of Martin Luther in the German States and King Henry VIII of England in bringing about religious change during the Protestant Reformation.

The Printing Press “Revolution”

Johannes Gutenberg developed printing press mid 1400’s

Outcome: books affordable & available, literacy increased, jobs

Increased Communication

Humanist Critics of The Church

Rabelais Rabelais Condemned ::

forms of church corruption

Condemned simony (the buying or selling of ecclesiastical pardons)

Erasmus Erasmus Believed ::

Scriptures were a guide to life

true religion was a matter of inward sincerity and pious devotion

Church needed moral reforms

Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century:

1. Urban lay people gained knowledge of the world through:

Travel : trade, pilgrimages

Postal System

Literacy/ Books

Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century:

2. Distrust in Authority Figures & Institutions

Peasants sought social reform

Prosperous guilds supported Protestant Reform ( synonymous with Political reform)

Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century:

3. Dissatisfaction with wealth of the church

30% of land in Europe was under Church Control/ Ownership

Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church 16th Century:

4. Questionable Church Practices:

Benefice System – ecclesiastical posts (Bishops, Abbots) sold to highest bidders

Simony –buying or selling of ecclesiastical pardons

Indulgences – “Tickets to Heaven”

Factors Contributing to Criticism of The Church:

5. Governments grew tired of Church interference

Church vs. State

Who had authority/ Power?

New Spirituality & Brothers of The Common Life

Modern Devotion1. Lay members not expected to take clerical vows2. Led Religious life of prayer 3. Preached in the Vernacular (not Latin)4. Conducted schools, religious publications

Martin Luther’s Life changing experience:

During a lightning storm, prayed to St. Anne

Promised to enter monastery if he survived ordeal

Born: 1483

Died : 1546

Martin Luther

Education:

Master of Arts Degree, 1505

Ordained as a Monk (Order of the Hermits of Saint Augustine) 1507

Doctorate in Theology, 1512

Indulgences – “Tickets to Heaven”

1517 -Pope Leo X revived the selling of indulgences

Forgiveness of un-repented sins

Proceeds were used to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome

In Germany, John Tetzel

preached the indulgences as necessary for salvation

“Don’t you hear the voices of your dead relatives ?… we suffer great punishment and pain…”

95 Theses October 31st, 1517

Luther posted 95 theses on a church door in Wittenberg, Germany

List of arguments against the selling of indulgences

Copies printed & circulated

Martin Luther’s Beliefs:

1. Justification by Faith Alone “sola fide”

Salvation by faith alone

2. The need for only Two sacraments: Baptism and the Eucharist

Martin Luther’s Beliefs:3. The Bible as the only source of truth

4. No need for confession

5. “All Christians as Spiritually Equal” -No difference between clergy & laity

6. Refused authority of the Pope

Martin Luther’s Beliefs:

7. Clergy should be allowed to marry

8. Mass in the vernacular (local languages)

9. Good works expected- Each person should serve God in his/or her own individual calling

Martin Luther & Printing Press3 Pamphlets:

1. Address To The Christian Nobility of The German Nation- urged reform

2. Babylonian Captivity of The Church – sacraments

3. Freedom of a Christian – salvation by faith alone

June 15,1520Pope Leo X Condemned Luther of heresy

Was ordered to recant

Luther refused

friends hid him for 1 year

Translated New Testament into German

Excommunicated Jan. 1521

Reformation is Embraced in Germany

1520’s-1530’s

1. Reformation Ideas spread – Printing Press

2. German Princes confiscated church lands

3. Luther appealed to nationalistic feelings in German states

4. Lutheran Faith - 1st Protestant Church

Karaoke Review- “ Martin Luther”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rZ3AFZXXX-k

Catholic Portrayal of Martin Luther Tempting Christ (1547)

Schmaldkaldic League

1530’s German Protestant lands formed alliance

German Peasants Revolt 1525-1527

Causes:

Peasants interpreted “Christian Freedom” as “freedom from serfdom”

Rebelled against landlords

Peasants believed Luther would support their cause

German Peasants Revolt 1525-1527

Luther’s Response:

Luther did not support revolt – “Un-Christian”

Consequences:

The authority of German nobility strengthened

Lutheranism allied to and controlled by German nobility

70,000-100,000 died

Protestant Reformation : Why Germany?

1. Germany lacked political unity

2. 1521- Diet of Worms German nobility presented emperor with list 102 “oppressive church burdens & abuses”

The Spread of Lutheranism

Became dominant religion in northern and eastern Germany.

Most of southern Germany remained Catholic

Lutheranism spread to northern European countries (Denmark, Scandinavia)

Reformation in Switzerland

Lose confederacy of 13 cantons, or states

Reasons for Reformation:

1. Growth of sense of nationalism

2. Desire for church reform

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

Leader of Swiss Reformation

Zurich became center of Swiss reform

Swiss Civil Wars: Protestants vs. Catholics

Zwingli executed

John Calvin (1509-1564)Leader of French Reform

Pessimistic about man

Wrote: The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Predestination- only God could determine salvation

Literal interpretation of Bible

idle time led to sin

No “fun” allowed!

Calvinists are Called…

Puritans in England

Huguenots in France

Presbyterians in Scotland

Only “Sacraments” recognized are: Baptism & Eucharist

John Calvin Established City of Geneva (Switzerland)- “City of Saints”

1555 Geneva became home to exiled Protestants

Model Christian Community – outlawed dancing, playing cards, attending the theatre

Theocracy

Women’s rights: laws against spousal abuse

Church attendance mandatory

“Radical” Protestant Groups

1. Anabaptists (re-baptize):

rejected infant baptism, insisted on adult baptism

Precursors of modern day Mennonites, Amish

Advocated complete separation of church & state

“Radical” Protestant Groups

2. Spiritualists:

Isolated

Had disdain for institutionalized religion

Only religious authority was the Spirit of God

3. Antitrinitarians:

opposed Calvinist belief of predestination

Rejected the Doctrine of the Trinity

The Reformation Did Not Work in Italy Because:

1. The Pope was in Rome

2. Church was source of wealth for Italy

3. Italian Renaissance made Italy Prosperous

4. Germany had more liberal universities

The Peace of Augsburg ( Germany, 1555)

Ruler of a land will determine the land’s religion"Cuius regio eius religio".

established after the Protestant princes ofthe Schmalkaldic League went to war against the

Catholic Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.

Made the division of Christendom permanent

The Religious “Situation”, 1560

Protestant Reformation In Tudor England

Henry VIII (Tudor Dynasty)

separated from Catholic Church…

But not for religious reasons

Six Wives of Henry VIII1. Catherine of Aragon (Divorced)

1st Husband Arthur (Henry’s brother)

Arthur died within 6 months of marriage

2nd Husband: Henry VIII (1509)

Married for 20 years

1 child: Mary I

Six Wives of Henry VIII

Henry wanted a divorce! No sons!

Pope’s Response: NO!

The Act of Supremacy (1534)

Henry declared himself head of church & state

The Trial of Queen Catherine of Aragon, 1909 by F. Salisbury

Henry VIIIEstablished Anglican Church, or Church of England

Confiscated church lands, destroyed monasteries

had to be Anglican to hold government job in England until the 19th century!

Six Wives of Henry VIII

2. Anne Boleyn (be-headed) Catherine’s Lady in Waiting

Marriage lasted: 3 years (1533-1536)

1 child: Elizabeth I

Accused of treason

Be-headed 1536

#2 Anne Boleyn

Six Wives of Henry VIII3. Jane Seymour (died)

Married Henry days after Anne’s execution!

Henry’s “One true love”

Marriage lasted: 1 year (1536-1537)

Child: Edward VI

Died in childbirth

Six Wives of Henry VIII

4. Anne of Cleaves (divorced)

German Princess

Married her sight unseen

“I like her not!”

Marriage lasted: 3 months

Marriage annulled

Six Wives of Henry VIII

5. Catherine Howard (be-headed)Cousin of Anne Boleyn!

She was 16, Henry was 49

Marriage lasted: 17 months (1541-1542)

Accused of adultery, treason

Be-headed 1542

Six Wives of Henry VIII6. Katherine Parr (Survived)Married twice before, was older (30’s)

Married Henry 1543, Henry Died 1547

Marriage lasted: 4 years

Wrote books about Protestant faith

Patron of English Protestant Reformers

Karaoke Review – Six Wives of Henry VIII

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3EGzHsye71c

Martin Luther vs. King Henry VIII

Embraced Protestantism for different reasons

However, both rejected Papal authority

Both believed in strenghthening the authority of nobles

Henry VIII’S Children

1. Edward VI

Became King @ age 10

John Dudley took over legal guardianship (trouble began)

Died of tuberculosis at age 16

Henry VIII’S ChildrenEdward VI Laws:1. Act of Uniformity (1549) : Book of Common Prayer, images and altars removed from churches2. Second Act of Uniformity (1552): Revised Book of Common Prayer : Justification by faith, holy scripture, recognizes 2 sacraments (Baptism , Eucharist)3. Declared his sisters illegitimate & ineligible for the throne !

Henry VIII’S ChildrenEdward declared his cousin

Lady Jane Grey heir to the throne (16)

She was forced to marry John Dudley’s son…

Ruled as Queen of England for 9 days!

The “Nine Days Queen”

Henry VIII’S Children2. Mary I 1st female ruler of EnglandArrested Jane, and had her be-headedRuled for 5 yearsMarried King Phillip II OF Spain Restored CatholicismNickname: “Bloody Mary” – murdered Protestants Died of natural causes

Henry VIII’S Children3. Elizabeth I

Ruled for 45 years! (R.1558-1603)

Tolerant Protestant

Built Navy/Army

Good Foreign diplomacy

Encouraged England’s Cultural revival

Queen Elizabeth I’s Coronation Gown

Henry VIII’S Children (Elizabeth)

Conflict with King Phillip II Of Spain

1588 England DEFEATED the Spanish Armada

Most powerful navy in Europe

Turning point: England emerged as naval & commercial power

Henry VIII’S Children (Elizabeth)

“Elizabethan Era” a great cultural period

She encouraged the arts, Shakespeare & Globe theatre

Queen Elizabeth I vs. Queen Isabella of Spain

Queen Elizabeth I England

Protestant

tolerant

“Politique” – Creating unity mattered more than religion

Wanted to avoid wars of religion

Queen Isabella of Spain

Catholic

Not tolerant

“One King, One Law, One Faith”

Revived the inquisition, persecuted Muslim Moors, Jews, and other “heretics”

Elizabeth I Never MarriedShe was “Mother” English People were her “Children”Died 1603James I Inherited the throneEstablished Jamestown 1607Son of Mary Queen of Scotts (liz’s cousin)Who was beheaded for planning a plot to kill Elizabeth…

National Portrait Gallery, London“The Real Tudors”

http://www.npg.org.uk/whatson/realtudors/explore/conservation.php

Catholic Reformation

AKA: “Counter Reformation” in response to Protestant Reformation

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

Series of meetings spread over 18 years

Location: Trent, Italy

1545-1547

1551-1552

1562-1563

Important Reforms:

1. Selling of church offices/indulgences prohibited

2. Authority of Local Bishops Strengthened

3. Seminary Requirement

Important Reforms:

4. 7 Sacraments re-affirmed

5. Clerical Celibacy re-affirmed

6. Veneration of Saints, relics, images re-affirmed

Counter Reformation, Khan Academy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6PUlTYnxLY

Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)

Spanish Soldier

Cannon strikes his leg in battle 1521

Received last sacraments…

But survived

Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)

Spanish Soldier hurt in battle - painful 9 month recovery

Read about lives of Saints

Decided to join monastery and become “ Soldier of Christ”

Ignatius of Loyola Wrote:Spiritual Exercises- a month long program of prayers, meditations, contemplative practiceS“As in all the following Spiritual Exercises, we use acts of the intellect in reasoning, and acts of the will in movements of the feelings: let us remark that, in the acts of the will, when we are speaking vocally or mentally with God our Lord, or with His Saints, greater reverence is required on our part than when we are using the intellect in understanding. “

Ignatius of Loyola

Established Jesuit order, or Society of Jesus in the 1530’s

Known for Missionary work all over world

Stressed Moral Self- Discipline & Education

St. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582)

At 17 knew she wanted to enter the convent

Father refused

Ran away & entered Carmelite Monastery in 1535

Teresa of Avila

Established the Order of the Discalced Carmelites

Wrote: Way of Perfection

Growth in prayer allows for a deeper relationship with God

Concept of “Interior Castle” Teresa envisioned the soul as

“…a castle made of a single diamond . . . in which there are many rooms, just as in Heaven

there are many mansions."

Baroque Art (1500’s-1700’s)Originally established by Catholic Church

Meant to be :

1. Doctrinally Correct

2. Visually & Emotionally Appealing

3. Dramatic

Characteristics of Baroque Art

1. Dramatic use of light and dark (tenebrism)

2. Subject matter focused on dramatic moments

3. Portrayal of Everyday People who are not idealized

4. Buildings featuring grandiose scale and ornate decorations

Baroque Art

Baroque art & architecture promoted Catholic Church Doctrine

Developed in Rome

Gian Lorenzo BerniniCredited with inventing Baroque styleOriginally sculptor“Theatrical” works of art for churches, palaces, architectural projects altarpiece

Bernini’s -The Ecstasy of St. Theresa (1645-1652)

Bernini – Baldachino (Inside St. Peter’s Basilica)

Michelangelo de Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew (1599-1600)

Artemisia Gentileschi- Judith Slaying Holofernes (1612-1613)

Francesco Borromini (died 1667)

Sculptor & architect

“Space” as a means of motion & expression

Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640)

Famous for altarpieces

And…

“history paintings”- mostly biblical

The Crucifiction

Peter Paul Rubens

Catholic Counter Reformation:

1. Greater Clarity in Regards to Doctrine

2. New Orders established – good works, Missionary work

3. Spread of ideas & philosophy in writing

4. Greater importance placed on communion

5. The Emergence of Baroque art

Review of Protestant Reformation; Videos

Life Before the Protestant Reformation, Khan Academy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTGJMnTWrrw

Martin Luther, Khan Academy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSOnLt3YVl0

Varieties of Protestantism, Khan Academy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6ZsIyKHTNI