Post on 25-Feb-2016
description
transcript
The Age of Things:Sticks, Stones and the Universe
Molecular Dating and the Many Kinds of Mammals
http://cfcp.uchicago.edu/~mmhedman/compton1.html
Proconsul
WARNING! Astrophysicist talking about Mammalian Phylogeny!
Monotremes Marsupials
Non-Placental Mammals
Rodentia
Lagomorpha
Chiroptera
Carnivora
Primates
Cetacea
Atriodactyla
Perissodactlya
Xenarthra
Proboscidea
Sirenia
Hyracoidea
PholidotaDermoptera Tubilentata
Insectivora
MacroscelideaScandentia
Fossil Records of the Different Orders
Relationships between the orders derived from morphological characteristics
Perhaps orders arose rapidly when the dinosaurs died out
Molecular Data
Hedgehog TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTTGTGAGAATGGACTACATGGTGTTCTTCAGCTTSloth TGCCAAATTAGTTCCGTCATGAGAATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGTTT
Sirenian TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAAGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTTElephant TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTTAardvark TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTTATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT
Mouse TGCCACTTCCGTTCCGTGGTCAGTTTGGATTACATGGTCTTCTTCAGCTTRabbit TGCAAATTCGATTCTGTTATACCCATGGAATACATGGTCTTCTTTAGCTTHuman TGCCAATTTGTTTCCGTCATGAGAATGGTCTACATGGTATACTTCAGCTT
Flying Fox TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTCATAAAGATGGACTACATGGTCTATTTCAGCTTWhale TGCCAATTCCGTTCCGTCATGAGGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT
Pig TGCCAGTTCCGTCATGAGGATGGACTGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTTHorse TGCCAATTCCGTTCTGTTGTGAGCATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTTCat TGCCAGTTCCGTTCTGTCATGACGATGGACTACATGGTCTACTTCAGCTT
Chimp Gorilla OrangutanHuman 1.24% 1.62% 3.08%Chimp 1.63% 3.12%Gorilla 3.09%
Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan
All animals do not accumulate mutations at the same rate
W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
Accumulates More Mutations
W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
Accumulates More Mutations
W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
Tree Based on Morphological Characters Tree Based on Molecular Characters
Afrotheria
Euarchonotoglires
Xenartha
Laurasiatheria
Human Chimp Gorilla Orangutan
1%
2%
3%
Sivapithecus
Proconsul
15
10
5
Mill
ions
of y
ears
ago
Calibrating the molecular clock
ProconsulSivapithecus
W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
W X Y Z
30 Mutations 10 Mutations 10 Mutations30 Mutations
5 Mutations5 Mutations
Time 1
Time 0
Time 2
X Y ZW 40 50 70X 30 50Y 40
A simpler problem: Flipping Coins
Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips
A simpler problem: Flipping Coins
Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips
Assumed Probability of each number of Coin Flips
A simpler problem: Flipping Coins
Probability of getting five heads, given the number of Coin Flips
Assumed Probability of each number of Coin Flips
Likelihood the coin was flipped a given
number of times
Eutherians
120 Million Years Ago
Eutherians
Afrotheria
Xenarthra and others
105 Million Years Ago
Afrotheria
Xenarthra
EuarchontogliresLaurasiatheria
?
90 Million Years Ago
Next Time
Meteorites and the Age of the Solar System