The Agrarian Revolution:

Selective Breeding = Giant Cows!

The Industrial Revolution

• I. Definition from David S.

Landes’s The Unbound

Prometheus

– “The Industrial Revolution was

a sustained period of economic

growth and change brought

about by the application of

mineral and hydraulic energy

and technological innovation in

manufacturing.”

Coal and Industry

in England in the

19th Century

Diagram of Newcomen’s Steam

Engine (1712)

Watt’s Steam Engine, 1774

The Middle Phase:

Cottage Industry

• Some landless farmers stay in the countryside

• Cottage Industry to make up for lost agricultural work

– Spinning and Knitting

– The Wool Merchant’s Circuit

– Homespun clothes become marketable goods

• New innovations in textile production spells DOOM for cottage industry

What killed cottage industry?

The Spinning Jenny

1764

Arkwright’s Water

Frame Loom, 1768

British Textile Mill in the 19C

The Railroad Boom spurs

Industrialization, 1830-1900

The Railroad Boom in

Europe

Green=RR lines in 1850

Red=RR lines added by 1870

Consequences of the

Industrial Revolution

• Changes in Everyday Life: Good times and Bad Times

• Literary and Cultural Change

– Romanticism

• Economic Change

– Adams Smith’s Free Market

– Karl Marx’s Socialism

• Political & Social Change

– Power shifts to factory owners

– Ireland’s “Great Hunger” 1844-50

– Abolition in the United States

– Women’s Suffrage

Consequences of the

Industrial Revolution

• Changes in Everyday Life:

Good times and Bad Times

Child Coal Puller in a Welsh Coal

Mine

19C Working Class Tenements in

London

Social Hierarchy during the Industrial

Revolution

Consequences of the

Industrial Revolution

• Literary and Cultural

Change

–Romanticism

–Social Realism: Charles

Dickens, Emile Zola

Vincent Van Gogh’s view of 19th

Century Factories

And did those feet in ancient time

Walk upon England's mountains green?

And was the holy Lamb of God

On England's pleasant pastures seen?

And did the Countenance Divine

Shine forth upon our clouded hills?

And was Jerusalem builded here

Among these dark Satanic mills?

Bring me my bow of burning gold:

Bring me my arrows of desire:

Bring me my spear: O clouds unfold!

Bring me my chariot of fire.

I will not cease from mental fight,

Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand

Till we have built Jerusalem

In England's green and pleasant land.

“Jerusalem” William Blake (1757-1827)

First Published 1885

First Published 1861

Consequences of the

Industrial Revolution

• Economic Change

–Adams Smith’s Free

Market

–Karl Marx’s Socialism

Adam Smith

• AN INQUIRY INTO THE

NATURE AND CAUSES OF

THE WEALTH OF NATIONS

(1776)

Marxism 101

Consequences of the

Industrial Revolution

Political & Social Change

–Power shifts to factory owners

–Methodism

–Ireland’s “Great Hunger” 1844-50

–Abolition in the United States

–Women’s Suffrage

John Wesley, Founder of Methodism

Preaching at an Outdoor Revival

Irish Family during the Potato

Famine, 1845

The Irony of Industrialization: Eli Whitney’s

Cotton‘Gin Helped Revive the

American South’s Slave

Economy (1793)

Emeline Pankhurst,

Radical British Suffragette

Susan B. Anthony

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

co-founder of NAWSA

Alice Paul, founder of

National Women’s Party

Scientific and

Technological Changes

• New Agricultural Technologies

• New Textile Technologies

• Steam engine

• Railroads

• Steamships

• Mechanization of

Manufacturing

• Assembly Line

Social Changes caused by

Industrial Rev.

• Urbanization

• Real Wages rise

• Standard of Living Changes – Overcrowding

– Tenements

– Child Labor

– Pollution

– Unsafe Work Environment

– Diet of Processed foods

• Pace of work changes: shift labor

• Rise of an Industrial Working class

• Wealthy factory owners edge out old landed aristocracy

Economic Changes caused by

Industrial Rev.

• Economy based upon

manufacturing replaces agrarian

economy

• Britain becomes #1 manu-

facturer in world (until 1900)

• Britain becomes world banker

• Free Market replaces protective

economic policies of past

• Marxist theory

• Rise of “Big Business” in USA

Political Changes caused by

Industrial Rev.

• 1832 Reform Bill: Parliament falls into hands of wealthy industrialists

• 1840 Work Reform Laws “end” child labor

• 1846 Corn Laws repealed

• Marxism as political theory and foundation of Socialist and Communist Parties

• US: 1902 Pure Food and Drug Act

Cultural Changes

• Culture wars: Town vs. Country

• Romanticism

• Methodism

• US: Progressivism

• Pace of life accelerates