The Cerebral Cortex

The Cerebral Cortex

The Cerebral Cortex: • “NEW” Brain

• TWO Hemispheres

• FOUR Lobes FISSURES (wrinkles)

• 16 square feet • (17 – 23 pieces of paper laid out flat)

The Cerebral Cortex

F(lower) P.O.T.

Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal

OR

F(reud’s) M(other) S(mokes) P.O.TFrontal

(motor)

(sensory)

Parietal

Occipital

Temporal

Diagram 6

Frontal Lobes

1. Behind forehead

2. Pre-frontal

a. Personality, processing of emotions, abstract thought, logic, judgment

3. Motor Cortex (on frontal lobe)

a. Speech production and muscle movement

b. Axons cross over at the MEDULLA.

c. Mapped for all muscle movement

Parietal Lobes

1. Behind Motor Cortex. Center/Top

2. Sensory Cortex (on parietal lobes)

3. Mapped for all skin sensations

4. Cross over at MEDULLA.

Occipital Lobes

1. Back of Cerebrum/Above cerebellum

2. VISUAL Cortex

3. Center of all visual processing

The Cerebral Cortex

Functional MRI scan shows the visual cortex activated as the subject looks at faces

Temporal Lobes

1. Behind temples

2. AUDITORY Cortex

3. Memory processing, facial recognition, understanding speech

Association Areas

1. Areas within the brain that communicate using interneurons.

2. Full of NEURAL Networks, or series of connected neurons that connect at the synapse and grow in strength as you practice and/or learn.

Association Areas More intelligent animals have increased

“uncommitted” or association areas of the cortex

Language Centers

1. Broca’s Area: Broca/Boca

Works with muscles, face and jaw to produce speech. Located in left, frontal lobe.

If it’s damaged, we can’t SPEAK.

 2. Wernicke’s Area

Works to help us understand language. Located in left, temporal lobe.

If it’s damaged, we can’t COMPREHEND.

 3. Angular Gyrus:

Responsible for turning written words into auditory form so that we can read language. Located between Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas in left hemisphere.

If it’s damaged, we can’t READ.

Language Centers – Diagram 6

Language Centers

Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking words

Tan

The Cerebral Cortex Aphasia

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke’s area (impairing understanding)

Broca’s Area (Disrupts speaking) an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the

muscle movements involved in speech Wernicke’s Area (Disrupts understanding)

an area of the left temporal lobe involved in language comprehension and expression

Sensory/Motor – Diagram 7

Our Divided Brain

Corpus Callosum large band of

neural fibers connects the

two brain hemispheres

carries messages between the hemispheres

Corpus callosum

Split Brain

a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) between them

Roger Sperry Michael Gazzaniga http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=aCv4K5aStdU

Right and Left Brain

Which diagram

(from the handout)

“spoke” to you?

The Endocrine System

Endocrine SystemChemical

messengers are hormones, rather than neurotransmitters

Messages travel through the bloodstream

Diagnosis BRAIN!!

What part(s) of the brain are damaged?

Discuss and evaluate as a team using your notes, knowledge, and super duper association

areas.

Mr. Livingston Mr. Livingston is a 39 year-old

African-American male who has been brought into your neurology clinic by his wife. She has become increasingly alarmed regarding her husband’s health over the past four months. Upon completion of CT scans, it is determined that Mr. Livingston’s condition is the result of the presence of two tumors that have developed in his brain. Using this patient’s medical history below, determine where these two tumors are probably located.

Mr. Livingston’s Symptoms Muscle weakness Vastly increased appetite (gained 25 lbs) Inappropriate body temp fluctuations Jerky movements Decreased sexual desire Poor balance when walking and standing Increased urination Inability to throw objects Inappropriate sleeping patterns Exaggerated efforts to coordinate movements when

completing a task.

Shooting Victim At 1:30 a.m. you (a trauma surgeon) are

called for emergency surgery on a 17 year old Caucasian female that was shot in the head during a drive-by shooting. After tedious surgery, the patient remarkably remains alive and doing reasonably well. The bullet traveled completely through the skull leaving a path of destroyed tissue behind. You have decided to speak with the parents about what noticeable changes will occur in their daughter due to the destruction of the neural tissue. Based on the information below, determine the approximate path the bullet traveled (i.e., what structures were damaged).

Symptoms Limb numbness Inability to control movement in the left

shoulder, arm, forearm, and hand. Slow, laborious, nonfluent speech Inability to sound out words Difficulty finding appropriate words to use Irrational anger Easily startled and irritated by loud noises Reacts fearfully to sudden movements or

changes in her environment

Norman Folger You are a pathologist in a

large northwestern city. You are conducting the autopsy on an 83 year-old male who was found dead in his home with no obvious cause of death. During the autopsy you discover the individual suffered two strokes. Based on the functional information below provided by the next-of-kin, where were the two areas damaged by the stroke?

Norman’s Symptoms Failure to do certain, specific movements Massive overeating Disrupted circadian rhythms Increased susceptibility to stress Poor muscle tone Inability to adjust heart rate Inability to focus attention Unrestricted water loss in kidneys Inability to recognize faces Temperature fluctuations Memory disruption Hearing loss

THE ANSWERS!!!

1. Cerebellum and Hypothalamus

2. Primary Motor Cortex(right hemisphere), Brocas Area, Amygdala

3. Hypothalamus, Reticular Formation, Temporal Lobe