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C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
The CGIAR – CIMMYT ICARDA experience The CGIAR – CIMMYT ICARDA experience conservation agriculture in wheat systemsconservation agriculture in wheat systems
Presented the Regional conference on Integrated nutrient pollution management in the Danube-Presented the Regional conference on Integrated nutrient pollution management in the Danube-Black sea BasinBlack sea BasinAnkara Turkey 23rd October 2007Ankara Turkey 23rd October 2007
Dr Ken Sayre, Dr Bram Govaerts – CIMMYT Agronomists MexicoDr Ken Sayre, Dr Bram Govaerts – CIMMYT Agronomists MexicoDr Julie Nicol,Dr Julie Nicol, CIMMYT Pathologist on behalf of CIMMYT ICARDA Turkey Office CIMMYT Pathologist on behalf of CIMMYT ICARDA Turkey OfficeTurkish NARs partners TAGEM – Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs – Turkish NARs partners TAGEM – Turkish Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs – Mr Irfan Gultekin, Mr Muzzafer Avci and Mr Yuksel KabaciMr Irfan Gultekin, Mr Muzzafer Avci and Mr Yuksel Kabaci
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Man, despite his artistic Man, despite his artistic pretensions, his sophistication, pretensions, his sophistication, and his many accomplishments, and his many accomplishments, owes his existence to a 15 cm owes his existence to a 15 cm layer of topsoil and the fact that layer of topsoil and the fact that it rains it rains (Anon). (Anon).
Man, despite his artistic Man, despite his artistic pretensions, his sophistication, pretensions, his sophistication, and his many accomplishments, and his many accomplishments, owes his existence to a 15 cm owes his existence to a 15 cm layer of topsoil and the fact that layer of topsoil and the fact that it rains it rains (Anon). (Anon).
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Conservation Agriculture includes the Conservation Agriculture includes the following practices:following practices:Conservation Agriculture includes the Conservation Agriculture includes the following practices:following practices: Reduce tillageReduce tillage
Goal – Zero-till or controlled-till seeding systemsGoal – Zero-till or controlled-till seeding systems
Retain adequate amount of crop residues on the soil Retain adequate amount of crop residues on the soil surfacesurface Ultimate Goal – Keep enough residue on the soil Ultimate Goal – Keep enough residue on the soil
surface to protect the soil from erosion and to save surface to protect the soil from erosion and to save water water
Use of proper and profitable crop rotationsUse of proper and profitable crop rotations - - Ultimate Goal – Employ economically viable, Ultimate Goal – Employ economically viable,
diversified diversified crop rotationscrop rotations
Provide farmers with better economic benefits than Provide farmers with better economic benefits than current practicescurrent practices
Reduce tillageReduce tillage Goal – Zero-till or controlled-till seeding systemsGoal – Zero-till or controlled-till seeding systems
Retain adequate amount of crop residues on the soil Retain adequate amount of crop residues on the soil surfacesurface Ultimate Goal – Keep enough residue on the soil Ultimate Goal – Keep enough residue on the soil
surface to protect the soil from erosion and to save surface to protect the soil from erosion and to save water water
Use of proper and profitable crop rotationsUse of proper and profitable crop rotations - - Ultimate Goal – Employ economically viable, Ultimate Goal – Employ economically viable,
diversified diversified crop rotationscrop rotations
Provide farmers with better economic benefits than Provide farmers with better economic benefits than current practicescurrent practices
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Conservation AgricultureConservation AgricultureConservation AgricultureConservation Agriculture
Comprises three basic componentsComprises three basic components Surface crop residue retentionSurface crop residue retention Minimal soil movementMinimal soil movement Crop rotationCrop rotation
Comprises three basic componentsComprises three basic components Surface crop residue retentionSurface crop residue retention Minimal soil movementMinimal soil movement Crop rotationCrop rotation
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Conservation Agriculture Means Conservation Agriculture Means Reducing Tillage Reducing Tillage
Conventional TillageConventional Tillage Seeding with Zero TillageSeeding with Zero Tillage
Conservation Agriculture Means Conservation Agriculture Means Reducing Tillage Reducing Tillage
Conventional TillageConventional Tillage Seeding with Zero TillageSeeding with Zero Tillage
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Conservation Agriculture means Conservation Agriculture means keeping some residues on the soil keeping some residues on the soil surfacesurface
Conservation Agriculture means Conservation Agriculture means keeping some residues on the soil keeping some residues on the soil surfacesurface Wind erosion from too much tillage Wind erosion from too much tillage
and no residueand no residue Wind erosion from too much tillage Wind erosion from too much tillage
and no residueand no residue Zero till with residue on the soilZero till with residue on the soilZero till with residue on the soilZero till with residue on the soil
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Conservation Agriculture can Increase Soil Conservation Agriculture can Increase Soil Organic Matter which is the Key Organic Matter which is the Key to Sustainable Soil Managementto Sustainable Soil Management
Conservation Agriculture can Increase Soil Conservation Agriculture can Increase Soil Organic Matter which is the Key Organic Matter which is the Key to Sustainable Soil Managementto Sustainable Soil Management
Physical Physical Soil QualitySoil Quality
ChemicalChemicalSoil QualitySoil Quality
BiologicalBiologicalSoil QualitySoil Quality
Soil Soil Organic Organic MatterMatter
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Estimated Area Under CA Zero-till (ha) 2004/2005Estimated Area Under CA Zero-till (ha) 2004/2005Estimated Area Under CA Zero-till (ha) 2004/2005Estimated Area Under CA Zero-till (ha) 2004/2005
CountryCountry ha ha
USAUSA 25,30425,304
BrazilBrazil 23,60023,600
ArgentinaArgentina 18,26918,269
CanadaCanada 12,52212,522
AustraliaAustralia 9,0009,000
Rest of the South Rest of the South AmericaAmerica
3,0353,035
Indo-Gangetic-PlainsIndo-Gangetic-Plains 2,8002,800
EuropeEurope 450450
Africa Africa 400400
China China 700700
Others Others (rough estimate)(rough estimate)
1,0001,000
Total Total 98,68098,680
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Characteristics of Farmers Who Have Characteristics of Farmers Who Have Adopted Conservation AgricultureAdopted Conservation AgricultureCharacteristics of Farmers Who Have Characteristics of Farmers Who Have Adopted Conservation AgricultureAdopted Conservation Agriculture
Over 90% of area under CA is located in five countries and Over 90% of area under CA is located in five countries and mainly involves large commercial farms using heavy tractors mainly involves large commercial farms using heavy tractors and large-scale machinery (especially seeders)and large-scale machinery (especially seeders)
More than 96% of the area involves non-irrigated, rained More than 96% of the area involves non-irrigated, rained farming - there has been minimal CA adoption has occurred farming - there has been minimal CA adoption has occurred for irrigated crop production systemsfor irrigated crop production systems
Except for a very few exceptions, negligible adoption in Except for a very few exceptions, negligible adoption in developing countries particularly by small and medium-scale developing countries particularly by small and medium-scale farmersfarmers
Over 90% of area under CA is located in five countries and Over 90% of area under CA is located in five countries and mainly involves large commercial farms using heavy tractors mainly involves large commercial farms using heavy tractors and large-scale machinery (especially seeders)and large-scale machinery (especially seeders)
More than 96% of the area involves non-irrigated, rained More than 96% of the area involves non-irrigated, rained farming - there has been minimal CA adoption has occurred farming - there has been minimal CA adoption has occurred for irrigated crop production systemsfor irrigated crop production systems
Except for a very few exceptions, negligible adoption in Except for a very few exceptions, negligible adoption in developing countries particularly by small and medium-scale developing countries particularly by small and medium-scale farmersfarmers
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Three Main Problems have Constrained the Three Main Problems have Constrained the Development of Conservation Agriculture Development of Conservation Agriculture Technologies for Small Farmers in Developing Technologies for Small Farmers in Developing Countries:Countries:
Three Main Problems have Constrained the Three Main Problems have Constrained the Development of Conservation Agriculture Development of Conservation Agriculture Technologies for Small Farmers in Developing Technologies for Small Farmers in Developing Countries:Countries:
The lack of available CA seeders for small and medium-scale The lack of available CA seeders for small and medium-scale farmers.farmers.
The lack of suitable farmer-tested, CA technologies for small The lack of suitable farmer-tested, CA technologies for small and medium-scale farmersand medium-scale farmers
The widespread integration of crop/livestock by most small and The widespread integration of crop/livestock by most small and medium scale farmers in developing countries with the medium scale farmers in developing countries with the consequent use of crop residues for livestock feed.consequent use of crop residues for livestock feed.
The lack of available CA seeders for small and medium-scale The lack of available CA seeders for small and medium-scale farmers.farmers.
The lack of suitable farmer-tested, CA technologies for small The lack of suitable farmer-tested, CA technologies for small and medium-scale farmersand medium-scale farmers
The widespread integration of crop/livestock by most small and The widespread integration of crop/livestock by most small and medium scale farmers in developing countries with the medium scale farmers in developing countries with the consequent use of crop residues for livestock feed.consequent use of crop residues for livestock feed.
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Many Farmers (Especially Rainfed Farmers) Many Farmers (Especially Rainfed Farmers) Continue to Practice Complete Removal of Crop Continue to Practice Complete Removal of Crop ResiduesResiduesFor Feed/fuelFor Feed/fuel and/or and/or By BurningBy Burning
Many Farmers (Especially Rainfed Farmers) Many Farmers (Especially Rainfed Farmers) Continue to Practice Complete Removal of Crop Continue to Practice Complete Removal of Crop ResiduesResiduesFor Feed/fuelFor Feed/fuel and/or and/or By BurningBy Burning
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Govaerts et al., 2005
Same variety different
management,
Upper Conservation agriculture
Lower wrong
agronomy
15 year long-term Maize/Wheat rotationTrial in CIMMYT Mexico
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Wrong agronomic
Same variety, same climate, same inputs (fertilizer …), Different long-term agronomics => different environment => different yield potential
Right CA based agronomic
15 year long-term Maize/Wheat rotationTrial in CIMMYT Mexico
Knowledge of correct rotation, management and machinery
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Wheat Wheat Wheat Wheat
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Wei
ghtin
g yi
elds
Conservation agriculture Wrong agronomics Farmer practice
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
MaizeMaizeMaizeMaize
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Weig
htin
g yi
elds
Wrong agronomics (zero tillage no residue) Conservation agriculture Farmer practice
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Weig
htin
g yi
elds
Wrong agronomics (zero tillage no residue) Conservation agriculture Farmer practice
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Comparison of average rainfed wheat yields for the most common farmer practice versus the best improved practice
(1995 to 2004)
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
6500
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg/
ha)
FarmerPractice-ContinuousWheat,ConventionalTill, ResiduesRemoved
ImprovedPractice;Maize-Wheat;Zero Till;ResiduesRetained
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Comparison of average economic returns above variable costs per ha for rainfed wheat from 1996
to 2004 for the most common farmer practice versus the best improved practice (Mexican
Pesos)
(500)
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
Retu
rns A
bo
ve V
ari
ab
le C
osts Farmer
Practice-ContinuousWheat,ConventionalTill, ResiduesRemoved
ImprovedPractice;Maize-Wheat;Zero Till;ResiduesRetained
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Central Antolian Plateau of Central Antolian Plateau of Turkey – Konya – Turkey – Konya – MARA Turkey - Ifran Gultekin MARA Turkey - Ifran Gultekin and colleagues – Bahri Dagdas International Ag. Research and colleagues – Bahri Dagdas International Ag. Research InstituteInstitute
Central Antolian Plateau of Central Antolian Plateau of Turkey – Konya – Turkey – Konya – MARA Turkey - Ifran Gultekin MARA Turkey - Ifran Gultekin and colleagues – Bahri Dagdas International Ag. Research and colleagues – Bahri Dagdas International Ag. Research InstituteInstitute
Modified machine over last 5 years for minmum Modified machine over last 5 years for minmum tillage in rainfed wheat systemstillage in rainfed wheat systems
Identified appropriate rotations and weed controlIdentified appropriate rotations and weed control
Modified machine over last 5 years for minmum Modified machine over last 5 years for minmum tillage in rainfed wheat systemstillage in rainfed wheat systems
Identified appropriate rotations and weed controlIdentified appropriate rotations and weed control
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
(F(Faalllloow-Wheat-Fw-Wheat-Faalllloow-Wheat) Yield-kg/haw-Wheat) Yield-kg/haIfran Gultekin and colleagues – MARA Turkey - Bahri Dagdas International Ag. Ifran Gultekin and colleagues – MARA Turkey - Bahri Dagdas International Ag. Research InstituteResearch Institute
(F(Faalllloow-Wheat-Fw-Wheat-Faalllloow-Wheat) Yield-kg/haw-Wheat) Yield-kg/haIfran Gultekin and colleagues – MARA Turkey - Bahri Dagdas International Ag. Ifran Gultekin and colleagues – MARA Turkey - Bahri Dagdas International Ag. Research InstituteResearch Institute
20042004
FF
20052005
WW
20062006
FF
20072007
WW
ConventionalConventional-- 10731073 -- 949949
Reduce tillageReduce tillage-- 936936 -- 13871387
Direct SeedingDirect Seeding -- 10641064 -- 17201720
Biannual cropping and higher yield with CA
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
(Wheat-C.Pea-F(Wheat-C.Pea-Faalllloow-Wheat) Yield-kg/haw-Wheat) Yield-kg/haIfran Gultekin and colleagues – MARA Turkey - Bahri Dagdas International Ag. Ifran Gultekin and colleagues – MARA Turkey - Bahri Dagdas International Ag. Research InstituteResearch Institute
(Wheat-C.Pea-F(Wheat-C.Pea-Faalllloow-Wheat) Yield-kg/haw-Wheat) Yield-kg/haIfran Gultekin and colleagues – MARA Turkey - Bahri Dagdas International Ag. Ifran Gultekin and colleagues – MARA Turkey - Bahri Dagdas International Ag. Research InstituteResearch Institute
20042004
WW
20052005
CPCP
20062006
FF
20072007
WW
ConventionalConventional 15121512 782782 -- 909909
Reduce tillageReduce tillage 14751475 844844 -- 13491349
Direct SeedingDirect Seeding 14481448 665665 -- 13791379
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
20042004
CPCP
20052005
WW
2006 2006
CPCP
20072007
WW
ConventionalConventional 542542 678678 00 964964
Reduce tillageReduce tillage 491491 894894 00 12281228
Direct SeedingDirect Seeding 298298 797797 00 12131213
(C(Chickpeahickpea Pea-Wheat-C Pea-Wheat-Chickephickepea-ea-Wheat) Yield-kg/haWheat) Yield-kg/haIfran Gultekin and colleagues – MARA Turkey - Bahri Dagdas International Ifran Gultekin and colleagues – MARA Turkey - Bahri Dagdas International Ag. Research InstituteAg. Research Institute
(C(Chickpeahickpea Pea-Wheat-C Pea-Wheat-Chickephickepea-ea-Wheat) Yield-kg/haWheat) Yield-kg/haIfran Gultekin and colleagues – MARA Turkey - Bahri Dagdas International Ifran Gultekin and colleagues – MARA Turkey - Bahri Dagdas International Ag. Research InstituteAg. Research Institute
Annual cropping and higher yield with CA
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Machinery modification essential for Machinery modification essential for Conservation AgricultureConservation AgricultureDr Muzzafer Avci & co. – MARA – Field Crops Research Institute Ankara (funded by The Embassy of The Dr Muzzafer Avci & co. – MARA – Field Crops Research Institute Ankara (funded by The Embassy of The Netherlands in collaboration with CIMMYT).Netherlands in collaboration with CIMMYT).
Machinery modification essential for Machinery modification essential for Conservation AgricultureConservation AgricultureDr Muzzafer Avci & co. – MARA – Field Crops Research Institute Ankara (funded by The Embassy of The Dr Muzzafer Avci & co. – MARA – Field Crops Research Institute Ankara (funded by The Embassy of The Netherlands in collaboration with CIMMYT).Netherlands in collaboration with CIMMYT).
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Minimum tillage – Bala and Minimum tillage – Bala and Yozgat ‘on farm’ trials – Yozgat ‘on farm’ trials – Dr Muzzafer Avci & co. – Dr Muzzafer Avci & co. –
MARA – Field Crops Research Institute Ankara (funded by The Embassy of The Netherlands in MARA – Field Crops Research Institute Ankara (funded by The Embassy of The Netherlands in collaboration with CIMMYT).collaboration with CIMMYT).
Minimum tillage – Bala and Minimum tillage – Bala and Yozgat ‘on farm’ trials – Yozgat ‘on farm’ trials – Dr Muzzafer Avci & co. – Dr Muzzafer Avci & co. –
MARA – Field Crops Research Institute Ankara (funded by The Embassy of The Netherlands in MARA – Field Crops Research Institute Ankara (funded by The Embassy of The Netherlands in collaboration with CIMMYT).collaboration with CIMMYT).
Bala – 20070-till
wheat fallow
Yozgat İlci Farm – 20070-till
sunflower/safflower - wheat
Due to the severe drought, conventional planted field was not harvested, while the other field yielded 700 kg/ha even it was planted after wheat which had less residual moisture than fallow
2.5 t/ha wheat yield is obtained from 0 till planting. Spring plantings (lentil, sunflower, safflower ) were outstanding.
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Environmental benefitsEnvironmental benefitsEnvironmental benefitsEnvironmental benefits Reduced fuel consumptionReduced fuel consumption as CA systems require as CA systems require
less passes with machineryless passes with machinery Improved soil structure and soil sustainabilityImproved soil structure and soil sustainability – less – less
pollution (leaching of chemicals)pollution (leaching of chemicals) Improved soil fertilityImproved soil fertility – less reliance on synthetic – less reliance on synthetic
fertilizersfertilizers Improved water efficiencyImproved water efficiency Better control of erosionBetter control of erosion – on flat and sloped land. – on flat and sloped land. Option to biannual crop in some systemsOption to biannual crop in some systems – 2 crops – 2 crops
vs 1vs 1 Yield maintained or increasedYield maintained or increased (along with decreased (along with decreased
input costs of fuel and fertilizer)input costs of fuel and fertilizer)
Reduced fuel consumptionReduced fuel consumption as CA systems require as CA systems require less passes with machineryless passes with machinery
Improved soil structure and soil sustainabilityImproved soil structure and soil sustainability – less – less pollution (leaching of chemicals)pollution (leaching of chemicals)
Improved soil fertilityImproved soil fertility – less reliance on synthetic – less reliance on synthetic fertilizersfertilizers
Improved water efficiencyImproved water efficiency Better control of erosionBetter control of erosion – on flat and sloped land. – on flat and sloped land. Option to biannual crop in some systemsOption to biannual crop in some systems – 2 crops – 2 crops
vs 1vs 1 Yield maintained or increasedYield maintained or increased (along with decreased (along with decreased
input costs of fuel and fertilizer)input costs of fuel and fertilizer)
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
Challenges for Conservation Challenges for Conservation AgricultureAgricultureChallenges for Conservation Challenges for Conservation AgricultureAgriculture
Getting the machinery rightGetting the machinery right Scaling up manufacture of machinery for CA.Scaling up manufacture of machinery for CA. Managing livestock/cropping systems to Managing livestock/cropping systems to
ensure minimum retention of residuesensure minimum retention of residues Identification of the correct system – rotation Identification of the correct system – rotation
and inputs (especially herbicide)and inputs (especially herbicide)
However, the long-term benefit for both However, the long-term benefit for both environmental sustainability and profitability environmental sustainability and profitability is clearis clear
Getting the machinery rightGetting the machinery right Scaling up manufacture of machinery for CA.Scaling up manufacture of machinery for CA. Managing livestock/cropping systems to Managing livestock/cropping systems to
ensure minimum retention of residuesensure minimum retention of residues Identification of the correct system – rotation Identification of the correct system – rotation
and inputs (especially herbicide)and inputs (especially herbicide)
However, the long-term benefit for both However, the long-term benefit for both environmental sustainability and profitability environmental sustainability and profitability is clearis clear
C I M M Y TMRInternational Maize and Wheat Improvement Center
More informationMore informationMore informationMore information
CIMMYT Agronomists Mexico headquartersCIMMYT Agronomists Mexico headquartersDr Ken Sayre Dr Ken Sayre k.sayre@cgiar.orgDr Bram Govaerts Dr Bram Govaerts b.govaerts@cgiar.org
TAGEM Agronomists TURKEYDr Muzzafer Avci – CFCRI muzafavci@yahoo.comMr Yuksel Kabaci – CRI ykabakci63@hotmail.comMr Ifran Gultekin – BDARI irfangultekin@yahoo.com
ICARDA-CIMMYT Wheat Improvement Program ICARDA-CIMMYT Wheat Improvement Program Turkey OfficeTurkey Office
Dr Mesut Keser Dr Mesut Keser m.keser@cgiar.orgDr Julie Nicol Dr Julie Nicol j.nicol@cgiar.orgDr Alex Morgounov a.morgounov@cgiar.org
CIMMYT Agronomists Mexico headquartersCIMMYT Agronomists Mexico headquartersDr Ken Sayre Dr Ken Sayre k.sayre@cgiar.orgDr Bram Govaerts Dr Bram Govaerts b.govaerts@cgiar.org
TAGEM Agronomists TURKEYDr Muzzafer Avci – CFCRI muzafavci@yahoo.comMr Yuksel Kabaci – CRI ykabakci63@hotmail.comMr Ifran Gultekin – BDARI irfangultekin@yahoo.com
ICARDA-CIMMYT Wheat Improvement Program ICARDA-CIMMYT Wheat Improvement Program Turkey OfficeTurkey Office
Dr Mesut Keser Dr Mesut Keser m.keser@cgiar.orgDr Julie Nicol Dr Julie Nicol j.nicol@cgiar.orgDr Alex Morgounov a.morgounov@cgiar.org