Post on 16-Jan-2016
transcript
The Civil War, 1861-1865
Fort Sumter, SC
AdvantagesNorth South
Larger population Defensive war
Loyal Navy More troops/supplies – shorter distances
Strong economy, industry Difficult to blockade East coast
Controlled-banking capital Experienced military leaders
Logistical support Demand for cotton brings financial aid
Well-established central government
Mobilizing for WarBoth sides unpreparedConscription acts
April 1862: ConfederacyFinance
Union Federal spending up 15%
War bonds Paper money “greenbacks”
Legal Tender Act 1862 $150 million
National Banking Act 1863 Confederacy
Political leadership Union
Lincoln’s personality and leadership succeed Overcomes initial problems with respect and
Democrats Confederacy
Jefferson Davis strong leader, with enemies Lack of political unity States vs Davis
First Years of a Long War: 1861-1862 1st Battle of Bull Run
July 1861 Union troops attacked Confederate
troops in VA Union close to victory but Stonewall
Jackson saves the day for Confederates
Ends illusion of a short war Promoted rebel myth
Union Strategy Devised by Gen. Winfield Scott
Use U.S. navy to blockade coast Divide Confederacy into two using
Mississippi River Take Richmond
Peninsula Campaign George B. McClellan Wanted long period of training for
troops Invaded VA March 1862 Stopped by General Robert E. Lee Retreated back over Potomac
2nd Battle of Bull Run Lincoln replaces McClellan General Lee takes advantage Drew Union into a trap and attacked Union forced to withdraw
Antietam Lee invades Maryland (Union territory) Wanted official British recognition McClellan in charge again for Union Union intercepted Lee’s plans Bloodiest single day of combat in war Lee retreated, McClellan does not
pursue Claimed as a Union victory Emancipation Proclamation
Fredericksburg McClellan replaced with Gen. Burnside Recklessly attacked Lee in VA Dec 1862 Union suffered heavy losses
Big ChangesPresidential Powers
Revolutionized financeSecured borders by suspending habeas corpus in MD,
1861 Ex Parte Merryman 1861 Chief justice Roger Tanney declares Lincoln’s actions
unconstitutional Doesn’t stop Lincoln
“Modern” WarRailroadsTelegraphsMass-produced weaponsJoint army-navy tacticsIron-plated warshipsRifled guns, artilleryTrench warfare
War continuesMonitor vs. Merrimac
North needed to effectively blockade Southern ports
March 1862 Confederate ironclad ship
Merrimac could sink Union wooden ships easily
Union built Ironclad called Monitor
Five-hour duel, ended in draw Prevented Confederacy from
truly challenging Union blockade
Revolutionize future modern warfare
General Grant in the WestUnion’s campaign for
control of Mississippi under Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
Had stunning victories Early 1862
Fort Henry and Fort Donelson on Cumberland River
Took 14,000 Confed. prisoners Opened up Mississippi to Union
attackShiloh
Confederates surprise Grant Union holds ground Confederates forced to retreat
April 1862 David Farragut captures New
Orleans
Virginia (Merrimac) vs. Monitor
Foreign AffairsTrent Affair
1861Confederate diplomats on a
British ship the Trent Union stopped ship and
took diplomat prisonersBritain threatened warLincoln gave in to British
demandsConfederate Raiders
South purchased war ships from Britain Mainly commerce raiders
South tried to buy Laird Rams from British, but blocked by U.S. minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams
Failure of Cotton DiplomacyEuropean intervention a
lost causeEurope quickly found cotton
from other sourcesReasons Britain did not
recognize Confederacy Antietam Emancipation Proclamation
New Goal of the WarConfiscation Act 1861
Did not free slaves, put in armyEnemy property freed
2nd Confiscation Act 1862Now “free” blacksCould be soldiers
Emancipation ProclamationSept 1862, after Union victory at
AntietamEnacted January 1, 1863No practical impact, politicalEnacted by Lincoln, not congressChanges war
Union Triumphs 1863-1865Turning Point
Vicksburg Union controlled Mississippi by
Spring 1863 Confederates surrendered the
city after heavy bombardment Union controlled full length of
river, cut off west Gettysburg
Lee invaded MD and PA Wanted to capture a major
northern city July 1, 1863 surprised Union Bloodiest battle of the war Lee forced to retreat to VA
Grant in Command Lincoln finally had a General 1864 made Commander of
Union Approach to “outlast” Lee War of attrition
Foreshadowed Trench Warfare
Sherman’s March Chief instrument of Grant’s
strategy Led 100,000 men from
Chattanooga, Tennessee on campaign of deliberate destruction from Tenn, through Georgia and South Carolina
Took Atlanta September 1864 Broke the will of the
ConfederacyElection of 1864
Democrat challenger General George McClellan Platform:
Called for peaceful settlement of war
Lincoln Republican nominee VP: Andrew Johnson from
Tennessee Lincoln crushed electoral vote,
but popular vote much closer
End of the WarAppomattox
Confederate government tried to negotiate for peace
Lincoln would not acceptLee forced to surrender
April 9, 1865 at courthouse
Lincoln’s AssassinationUrged South to be treated
benevolently in 2nd inaugural address
April 14th, 1865 John Wilkes Booth shoots
Lincoln Loss of Lincoln’s leadership
mourned
Impact of WarPolitical Change
Electoral College Functioned throughout war New factions created
Republicans Radicals Moderates
Democrats Peace Copperheads
The Draft Both Union and Confederacy
forced to draft Substitutes allowed Draft riots
NYC July 1863 Irish attacked Blacks and
wealthy whitesCivil Liberties
Suspension of Habeas Corps Ex Parte Milligan 1866
Political dominance of the North With Union victory new
definition of the federal Union Nullification and Secession no
longer issues Supremacy of Federal
government over states solidified
Abolition gave new meaning to concept of democracy Advanced cause of democracy Inspired countries around the
world
Impact of the WarNorth
Economic Financing the War
Borrowed $2.6 billion through sale of government bonds
Raised tariffs Tariffs 1862, 1864
Instituted first income tax Issued $430 million in
paper currency called Greenbacks
National Banking System created in 1863
Modernizing the North Manufacturing increases
Social ChangesBlacks
Became Union soldiers 54th regiment 1/10th army
Freedman’s Bureau 1865 Equal pay, rights
Sea Island Experiment Reconstruction
Experiment Gideon’s Band
Education the key
13th Amendment 1865 Four million “freed”
WomenNursing field open to
womenTook on responsibilities
of menMedicine
United States Sanitary commission
Battlefront nursing corps Dorthea Dix Clara Barton
Geneva Convention
Miasm theory Better sanitation
Impact of the WarCivilian 620,000 dead
Economic Cost $15 billions in war
costs and property loss Southern economy ruined Greenbacks national
currency National banking
replaces state banksPolitical
States right’s argument disappear
Characteristics of US democracy and capitalism economy strengthened
Business Large-scale business
organization Railroad corporations
Northern industry prospered
Political Cartoon Practice
Primary Source Practice
Marching Through Georgia*(Henry Clay Work)
Bring the good old bugle boys, we'll sing another song.Sing it with a spirit that will start the world alongSing it as we used to sing it fifty thousand strong,While we were marching through Georgia.
cho: Hurrah! Hurrah! We bring the Jubilee! Hurrah! Hurrah! The flag that makes you free, So we sang the chorus from Atlanta to the sea, While we were marching through Georgia!
How the darkeys shouted when they heard the joyful sound!How the turkeys gobbled that our commissary found!How the sweet potatoes even started from the groundWhile we were marching through Georgia.
Yes, and there were Union men who wept with joyful tears,When they saw the honored flag they had not seen for years!Hardly could they be restrained from breaking forth in cheers,While we were marching through Georgia.
"Sherman's dashing Yankee boys will never reach the coast!"So the saucy rebels said, and 'twas a handsome boast,Had they not forgot, alas, to reckon with the hostWhile we were marching through Georgia.
So we made a throroughfare for Freedom and her trainSixty miles in latitude, three hundred to the main;Treason fled before us for resistance was in vainWhile we were marching through Georgia.
Group QuestionsWhat was the immediate cause of the Civil War?Had there been a background of agitation for the
principles victorious during the Civil War?Were personalities involved on either side whose
strengths and weaknesses may have helped determine the outcome of the struggle?
Were any new and potent ideas stimulating the loyalty of a considerable number of people?
How did the economic groups line up on the issue?Were religious forces active?Did any new technological developments influence the
Civil War?Can the events be partially explained by weakened or
strengthened institutions?Was the physical environment itself a factor in the
situation?