The Cold War (1945-1960). [Image source:

transcript

The Cold War

(1945-1960)

[Image source: http://cairsweb.llgc.org.uk/images/ilw1/ilw0786.gif]

With the impending defeat of Germany, the Allies needed to plan for the post-war period.

The Yalta Conference (February 1945) was an effort on the part of the Allies to

determine the future of Germany.

The Big Three Allies agreed to the creation of

the United Nations at Yalta. Delegates from

50 nations met in San Francisco to adopt a charter.[Image source:

http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/department/history/site/images/UN3.jpg]

In April 1945, following the death of FDR, Vice president

Harry S. Truman assumed became president of the United States.

[Image source: http://www.srmason-sj.org/web/temple-files/hall-of-honor/TRUMAN.JPG]

Even with the creation of the United Nations in 1945, there was a lot of

tension between the winners of WWII.

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Josef Stalin wanted

Germanyto pay

reparations for causing the Second

World War.

The United Nations held its first meeting in San Francisco during January 1946.

The Five permanent members onthe Security Council were the United States, the Soviet Union, Nationalist China, Great Britain, and France.

[Image source: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/united-nations-security-council-3.jpg]

President Truman

wanted the people of Poland to

have elections and choose

their form of government.

Uncle Joe said

“Nyet!”

[Image source: http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s/PRINT/Life/life_joshmary/life_web/stalin.jpg]

After losing more than 20

million people, Russia was

determined to build satellite

nations on their borders

that were friendly to

Communism.

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Josef Stalin refused to cooperate with new

agencies like the World

Bank and . . .[Image source: http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/o/maro99/bank.gif]

. . . the International

Monetary Fund.

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These goals were at odds with each

other. The Soviet Union helped create

communist governments in:

Yugoslavia, Poland, Romania,

Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary,

and Czechoslovakia.

The result of these differences was a divided Europe.

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In February of 1946 Stalin predicted that communism would triumph over capitalism.

[Image source: http://members.surfeu.at/horvath/stalin.htm]

Stalin established the Cominform, a

Soviet agency intended to direct and co-ordinate the activities of

Communist parties around

the world.[Image source: http://rocinante.colorado.edu/~mnowak/TICK/rscare.jpg]

[Image source: http://oldwww.nvg.ntnu.no/songs/arve_hjalmars/jwayne.gif]

Them sound like fightin’

words to me!

Winston Churchill declared ina that an “Iron Curtain” had

descended across Europe.

[Image source: http://www.johndclare.net/images/Iron_Curtain.jpg]

Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech was given at Westminster College in Fulton, MO, in March of 1946.

[Image source: http://hrsbstaff.ednet.ns.ca/bkhan/Global%20History%2012/Activities/iron%20curtain.JPG]

These speeches set the tone for the Cold War: A period of ideological conflict and proxy wars.

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Fears of civil war in India

(February 1946)

A bomb explodes

at the King David

Hotel in Jerusalem

(July 1946)

Britain prevents Jewish refugees from arriving in Palestine(July 1946)

Nehru elected Prime

Minister of India

(September 1946)

Discussions held on India's constitution(November 1946)

Israel proclaims its independence(May 1948)

In a secret telegram to the State Dept in 1946, Ambassador George Kennan

outlined a policy of containment.

Containment is the policy of attempting to prevent the spread of communism by

quarantining (isolating) it.[Image source: http://www.ibiblio.org/Dave/Dr-Fun/collections/bac/bac-085.gif]

He said that if Communism couldn’t demonstrate its

superiority in Russia, people would find a different

ideology.

When Stalin threatened the stability of Greece and Turkey, the United States decided “Enough is enough!”

[Image source: http://www.trumanlibrary.org/teacher/europe1a.jpg]

US gave $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey. We also set

up military bases in each country. “Containment” and the Truman

Doctrine guided US foreign policy during the Cold War for 45 years.

Undersecretary of State Dean

Acheson stated what everyone already knew:

“Only two great powers remain in

the world, the United States and the Soviet Union.

In March of 1947, President Truman committed the United States to support free people everywhere in resisting communism.

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This became known as

the Truman Doctrine.

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Back off, or there’ll be

big trouble!

The National Security Act of 1947

• Department of Defense (DoD)• Air Force (USAF)• Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)• National Security Council (NSC)

We were slowly returning to a war-time mentality.

In June 1947, Secretary of State George

Marshall outlined his

plan for rebuilding

Europe following

World War II.

The Soviet Union Rejects the Marshall Plan(July 1947)

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Seventeen Western Nations joined the plan.

Russia and its allies did not participate.

You don’t like the Marshall Plan comrade?

Soviet Foreign Minister

Vyacheslav Molotov believed the Marshall Plan

was a vicious American scheme

for using dollars to “buy its way” in

European affairs.[Image source:

http://digilander.libero.it/secondaguerra/molotov.jpg]

[Image source: http://www.charleslipson.com/Images/Stalin-Marshall-Plan-cartoon.jpg]

Congress approved the Marshall Plan in 1948.

[Image source: http://www.marshallfoundation.org/ECA_org_chart_1949.jpg]

Known as the European Recovery Program, it sent some $13 billion in

grants and loans to Western Europe.

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Gandhi is assassinated;

Doctors oppose the setting up of

the National Health Service

(January 1948)

Communists seized Czechoslovakia in February 1948

As tensions rose, Stalin

tightened the USSR’s hold

on East Germany and isolating West Germany (US controlled.)

The German city of Berlin

was divided into a Russian-controlled

sector and a sector

controlled by Britain, France,

and theUnited States.

[Image source: http://www.foothill.fhda.edu/divisions/unification/images/berlin.gif]

On 24th June 1948, Russia closed off Western Berlin when American,

British, and French leaders merged their zones of

control.[Image source:

http://www.cs.utah.edu/~hatch/images/europe/checkpoint.charlie.jpg]

The Soviet Union stops road and rail traffic to Berlin(April 1948)

The Berlin airlift begins(June 1948)

The US supplied West Berlin with food, medicine, and all other materials for 2.5

million people by air for 15 months. This was known as the Berlin Airlift.

[Image source: http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mosaic/chapter16/images/airlift.jpg]

The Berlinairlift continues

(September 1948)

Trouble continues in Palestine(January 1949)

The Berlin Airlift Continues(February 1949)

Plans for NATO published(March 1949)

India become republics(April 1949)

During the summer of 1949 Western nations made a bid for

collective security when

they created the North Atlantic

Treaty Organization

(NATO).[Image source:

http://www.wwnorton.com/worlds/images/map11_3.jpg]

The US seemed prepared to handle Russia with NATO, the UN, and the Truman Doctrine, but in

1949 the Communists made several advances.

George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-four is published(June 1949)

East Germany established(October 1949)

Problems continue when China falls to the Communist

forces of Mao Zedong. The United States subsequently blocked their

entry into the UN.[Image source: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/images/mao-zedong-3.jpg]

North Korea invades South Korea(June 1950)

Britain sends

troops to Korea to

serve with the United

Nations(July 1950)

China enters the Korean War

(November 1950)

North Korean advance stopped

by the UN(January 1951)

Iran nationalizes its oil industry(March 1951)

A truce is signed between North

and South Korea(November 1951)

The Korean truce holds(December 1951)

In 1955, in response to NATO, the

Soviet Union formed the

Warsaw Pact,a political,

economic, and military alliance comprising the

nations in Eastern Europe.

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rlds/images/map11_3.jpg]

• Belgium• Canada• Denmark• France• Great Britain• Iceland• Italy• Luxembourg• Norway• Portugal• United States• Greece• Turkey• West Germany

• Albania• Bulgaria• Czechoslovakia• East Germany• Hungary• Poland• Romania• Soviet Union (USSR)

[Image source: http://astro.temple.edu/~barbday/Europe66/resources/images/coldwar.jpg]

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President Harry Truman officially recognized Israel as a country in

1948, complicating our foreign policy with Arab nations.

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Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were

executed for espionage after being convicted

of divulging secrets of our

atomic weapons to the Russians.

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America became paranoid. Truman began a Loyalty Program with FBI background checks, loyalty oaths, and a Loyalty Review Board.

Are you lookin’ at

Congress created the House Un-American Activities Committee which

investigated charges of disloyalty. Many Hollywood stars were accused of

Commie connections. Humphrey Bogart and Shirley Temple were two of them.

Bogart denied

involvement with

communist party.

America had become the police state that they feared Communists wanted to create! Many lives

were destroyed with false accusations.

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State Department employee Alger Hiss was accused of spying for Russia and spent four years in prison.

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[Image source: http://www.sorvarangerfilmklubb.com/graphics/movies/1983/alger_hiss.jpg]

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[Image source: http://libwww.syr.edu/digital/exhibits/c/cartoonists/wall/21.jpg]

The Cold War (1945-1960). [Image source:

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