Post on 31-Mar-2015
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The Environment InstituteWhere ideas grow
This world’s water - have we got enough?
Mike Young Executive Director, The Environment Institute
The Environment Institute
Life Impact The University of Adelaide
Global water?• Energy• Health• Climate change• Supply• People• Challenges
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Life Impact The University of Adelaide
Energy
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Australia
WorldPrimary Energy
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Where could we go?
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Nicholson, Biegler & Brook (2010)
“How carbon pricing changes the relative competitiveness of low-carbon baseload
generating technologies”
Energy doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2010.10.039
Technology cost comparisons – should nuclear be part of the mix?
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Australian Greenhouse Gas Emissions
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Water
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Health• 3,900 children under 5 die every day from
water supply & sanitation related diseases• MDG to halve the number people without
access to drinking water and sanitation by 2015– Drinking water goal expected to be met– Sanitation goal will not be met
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MDG Sanitation Target Progress
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Global flow and use
70% Agriculture, 20% Industry & 10% Urban
After Molden 2007
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Global water scarcity
After Molden 2007
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International Trade
After Hoekstar & Chapagain 2007
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Causes increasing water scarcity• Adverse climate change• Population increase• Increased living standards• Over-exploitation• Declining water quality
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Threats to Biodiversity and Water
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Climate
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Getting hotter
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Has been getting drier in south & east
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less
Rainfall for Jarrahdale
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S tre a m in flo w fo r P e rth d a m s (P rio r to S tirlin g D a m )
PERTH
- 1%
- 3%
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With half as much water, how much can you use?
Users
Environment
River Flow
Environment
River Flow
Users
River Flow
Environment
Users
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Global impacts of climate change• Some areas get wetter and warmer• Some areas get drier and warmer• The aggregate affect of climate change on
water supplies is expected to be negative.– By 2030 child malnutrition is predicted to
increase by 20%.
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People
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World Population
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One more Australian every 1 minute 18 seconds
Source: ABS, 2008
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An emerging gap
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Water scarcity gap – billions m3
After 2030 Water Resources Group
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MENA = Middle East & Northern Africa
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Water stressed people
After OECD 2009
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The reality1. Failure to provide reliable access to water and sanitation services
is one of humankind’s greatest failings.2. By 2030, over half the world’s population is expected to be living
in a water stressed region.3. Demand is growing and supply costs are rising.4. Health and quality of many rivers and aquifers is declining.
Restoration is a non-trivial challenge!5. The aggregate affect of climate change on water supplies is
expected to be negative.– By 2030 child malnutrition is predicted to increase by 20%.
6. The rate of change necessary to close the gap is an order of magnitude faster than has been achieved in recent times.
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Avoiding the crisis1. Parallel investments in governance, the development
of taxation systems, the removal of market distortions and freer trading arrangements for agricultural products.
2. Freer international trading arrangements will significantly reduce the costs of facilitating adjustment and attaining MDG targets.
3. The early introduction of greenhouse gas trading or taxation arrangements will reduce the costs of achieving a transition
• {Gravity is cheap.}
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Pricing arrangements1. In India, 15% of food is produced from
subsidised groundwater depletion.2. Subsidies need to be phased out.3. In many cases, the poorest of the poor would be
better off paying the full cost of supply rather than exposing themselves to the extremely high cost of obtaining access to water from other sources a central source and the impact of unsanitary conditions on them.
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Water charges in Western JakartaCode
Customer Type Volume of water used
0-10 m3 11-20 m3 >20 m3
K2 Low-Income Domestic $0.105 $0.105 $0.158
K3AMiddle-Income Domestic
$0.355 $0.470 $0.550
K313
High-Income Domestic and Small Business
$0.490 $0.600 $0.745
K4A $0.683 $0.815 $0.980
K413 Non-Domestic $1.255 $1.255 $1.255
a) Prices converted to US$ and rounded to 3 decimal places
Source: Adapted from Fournier and others (2010).
Table 4 Water Tariff Structure in Western Jakarta, US$ per m3
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GovernanceCorruption has been estimated to be raising the cost of achieving the MDG by $50 billion per year
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Financing investment (3 T’s)
After Marin and OECD 2009
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Seven global observations1. When water is mismanaged, economic growth and development is inordinately difficult. 2. Globally, there appears to be under-investment in water.3. When accelerated investment is coupled with improvements in governance and water policies,
the amount that needs to be invested in the water can be reduced significantly.4. For many people, the lack of access to reliable clean water and adequate sanitation services
means that these people cannot participate in a green economy. 5. Investment in the development of water entitlement and allocation systems designed to both
ensure the maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem services and, also, to facilitate adjustment in the way water resources are used can be expected to pay long-term dividends.
6. The cost of resolving the constellation of water scarcity crises emerging around the world depends upon the extent of commitment to water policy reform and the development of improved governance arrangements.
7. The resolution of global water supply problems is heavily dependent upon the degree to which agricultural water use can be improved.
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