The Final Frost Barrier!—a magazine advertisement for General Motors’ Frost-Proof Imperial...

transcript

The Final Frost Barrier!—a magazine advertisement for General Motors’ Frost-Proof Imperial Freezer (1959).

The Cold War and the American Dream, 1945–1960

Conflict develops between the United States and the Soviet Union. Americans react to the economic prosperity and rapid change of the postwar period.

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

Peacetime Adjustments and the Cold War

The Korean War and McCarthyism

The Fifties

The Cold War and the American Dream, 1945–1960

Americans look for prosperity after World War II. They also fight Communism in the Cold War.

Section 1

Good Economics

Adjusting to Peace

• Industries lay off workers, returning servicemen flood job market

1SECTION

• Veterans win out over female workers for jobs

• Women get jobs in traditional women’s fields, office work, teaching

Actress Grace Kelly (in 1950, a New York photographer’s model) demonstrating a Remington typewriter.

1SECTION

• People want more goods, factories start making needed products

• William Levitt applies assembly-line technique to home building

• Demand for goods increases, prices skyrocket

• Controls on prices lifted, people have money, few goods to buy

The Postwar Economy

• Start mass-producing affordable homes to meet demand for houses

Demand is

inflation

NYWere there

because

Developers: mass-produced, standardized homes built using

assembly-line methods

1SECTION

• Over 1 million workers join strikes, includes railway workers (1946)

• African Americans still face prejudice, especially in the South

• WW II raises hopes of African Americans for more equality

• President Harry S. Truman threatens to draft railway workers into army

• Truman backs off issues, makes equal rights national issue

• Truman wants Congress to pass equal rights laws, South resists proposals

Labor Unrest and Civil Rights

The Fair Deal

1SECTION

• Republican Congress blocks Truman’s proposals, limits power of unions

• Truman takes campaign to the people, wins upset victory

• Few people believe Truman will win 1948 presidential election

• Republicans, Southern Democrats block most of the programs

• Calls for Fair Deal, projects that:- create jobs, build public housing, end

discrimination in hiring

Truman v. DeweyDemocrats Split

•Dixiecrats– States

rights party•New Progressive Party Issues

•Civil Rights

•Anti- Labor

Actions

Truman: threats to draft strikers

Truman: integration of the armed forces

Origins of the Cold War

1SECTION

• The West, Soviets allied against Nazis, Soviets free Eastern Europe

• U.S. thinks Soviet leader Joseph Stalin wants to spread Communism

• Does not want anti-Soviet governments on the borders of Soviet Union

• Stalin promises free elections but imposes Communism in Eastern Europe

• Cold War—U.S./Soviet conflict, never directly fight on battlefield

Competition between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. for global power and influence.

Threat of all out war existed

DifferencesUntied States

• Democracy• Individual

Freedoms• Capitalistic

Economy

Soviet Union• Communist• State-run Economy• One-party rule• Suppression of

Religion• Force to crush

opposition

Containing Communism Abroad

1SECTION

• Containment—use military, non-military ways to contain Communism

• Soviet Union, Eastern Europe form Warsaw Pact

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): - includes U.S., Canada, 10 Western

European countries- formed to counteract Communist control of

Eastern Europe

• Truman Doctrine—promises to aid people resisting threats to democracy

The Truman administration established a policy of containment to block further Soviet expansion. The Truman Doctrine declared that the U.S. would support any free country that was resisting a takeover by an outside or an armed force.

Marshall Plan and Berlin Airlift

1SECTION

• Marshall Plan—$13 billion to help rebuild Western, Southern Europe

• After WW II, Germany is divided into 4 zones controlled by:- Soviet Union- United States- France- Great Britain

• Berlin in Soviet zone, city divided between East, West powers

Continued . . .NEXT

1SECTION

• Soviets afraid Western powers will unite Germany

• Block access to Berlin, Truman approves Berlin airlift:- U.S., British planes carry supplies to city’s

residents

continued Marshall Plan and Berlin Airlift

• Soviets call off blockade, Germany divided into:- Communist East Germany- Democratic West Germany

The U.S. flies food and supplies into

West Berlinduring the Berlin

airlift.

Fear of Communism at Home

1SECTION

• Fear of Communism in the U.S. grows • Alger Hiss accused of giving military info to

Soviets, sentenced 5 years • Ethel, Julius Rosenberg executed for passing

atomic secrets to Russians

• President Truman orders loyalty checks for federal workers

• House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) issues blacklists: - names people (many in movie industry)

thought to be Communists

Actor Ronald Reagan, President of the Screen Actors Guild, testifying before the House Un-American Activities

Committee (October 23, 1947).

Explain the significance of each of thefollowing terms.

Fair Deal Cold War Marshall Plan

The Cold War and the Korean War produce a far-reaching form of AntiCommunism.

Section 2

Origins of the Korean War

2SECTION

• Communists defeat U.S.-supported nationalists in China

• After WW II Korea is divided at the 38th parallel, or line of latitude: - Soviets troops north of parallel- U.S. troops south of parallel

• Communist takeover of China fuels Americans’ fear of communism

• Mao Zedong becomes head of Communist China

• Soviets aid Communist government in North Korea

Fighting Breaks Out in Korea

2SECTION

• North Korean forces cross 38th parallel into South Korea

• North Koreans push South Koreans to Pusan

• Korean War—North Korean forces fight U.S., UN, South Korean forces

• Pursue enemy into North Korea

• MacArthur, troops push North Koreans back across 38th parallel

• U.S. General MacArthur commands UN forces

• Women serve in armed forces, also join Army, Navy Nurse Corps

United Nations forces fighting to recapture Seoul, South Korea,

from communist invaders, September 1950

China Enters the Conflict

2SECTION

• China warns UN forces not to advance further, UN ignores warning

• President Truman denies MacArthur’s request to blockade, bomb China

• Chinese troops force UN troops south to the 38th parallel

• Truman fires MacArthur, orders him home

• MacArthur goes over the president’s head to win support:- speaks, writes to newspapers, magazine

publishers- writes Republican leaders

War Ends in Stalemate

2SECTION

• Korean War becomes unpopular in U.S., truce talks begin

• Republican General Dwight D. Eisenhower wins presidency (1952)

• Agrees to a compromise to end the war (July 1953)

• 2 Koreas left where they had been in 1950, border near 38th parallel

• Communism is contained in Korea

Nationalists; because they

opposedCommunism

South Korea; because it was democratic and

North Korea was Communist

The Communists won the war, forcing the

Nationalists to flee to Taiwan.

stalemate; Korea remained two

nations dividedby a demilitarized

McCarthy and Communism

2SECTION

• Senator Joseph McCarthy uses Korean War to fan fear of Communism

• Senate holds Army-McCarthy hearings:- McCarthy accuses Army of “coddling

Communists”- Army accuses McCarthy of improper

conduct

• Term McCarthyism stands for reckless charges against innocent

• Conducts hunt for Communists in U.S. that ruins the careers of many

Senator Joseph R. McCarthy chairing the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigation (February 26, 1954).

Eisenhower and the Cold War

2SECTION

• Secretary of State John Foster Dulles favors brinkmanship:- U.S. going to the brink of war to combat

Communism• Arms race—U.S., Soviets race to develop

more destructive weapons

Continued . . .

• U.S. builds hydrogen bomb, H-bomb, Soviets soon develop weapon

• U.S., Soviet Union help allies, weaken enemies around the world

2SECTION

• Britain, U.S. withdraws aid to Soviet-friendly Egypt

• Egypt seizes Suez Canal; Britain, U.S., Israel attack Egypt

continued Eisenhower and the Cold War

• Soviet Union threatens to support Egypt, UN imposes cease-fire

• Space race—U.S., Soviet Union race to build satellites in space

• Soviets shoot down U.S. spy plane, talks, U.S., Soviets collapse

First official picture of Sputnik I, Soviet satellite:

the outer hullis aluminum covered with

protective material; nitrogen gas is

sealed inside (1959).

Gagarin, the first

cosmonaut in space

To end the crisis, U.S. worked with UN to gain a

cease-fire and the withdrawal of troops.

To regain superiority, the U.S. worked to develop satellites and better weapons-delivery

systems.At first, U.S. government lied about

the purpose of the flight to keep spying activities secret but then

publicly admitted guilt.

Explain the significance of each of thefollowing terms and names.

brinksmanship 38th parallel Joseph McCarthy

Section 3

The FiftiesWith the United States locked in a Cold War, social and economic changes take place in American life.

The Domestic Scene in the Fifties

• In 1957, one out of every five live in poverty, many live in cities

3SECTION

• More well-to-do move to suburbs—residential areas surrounding a city

• Mexican immigrants increase greatly, many cross border illegally

The Fifties

• Some Mexicans stay in U.S. illegally after bracero program ends

• President Eisenhower pleases liberals, conservatives

• Keeps most New Deal programs, sets up Highway Act (1956)

Offered people the chance to live theAmerican Dream; caused some Americans, especially women, to feel dissatisfied with

their lives; contributed to the popularity of the automobile; led to the decline of cities;

created racial and economic gulfs between suburban and city dwellers

Changes Sweep America

3SECTION

• During 1950s, U.S. has baby boom—sharp birthrate increase after WW II

• Car sales explode because owning a car in the suburbs is a necessity

• Shopping centers, restaurants built on former farmland, serve suburbs

• Baby boom spurs growth of suburbs

• Many people move to sunbelt—warmer states in South, Southwest

The American Dream in the Fifties

3SECTION

• Life for millions of white Americans in suburbs, the American Dream

• Women have defined roles, limited job choices, some feel confined

• Critics, people in suburbs forced to fit mold, willing to conform

• Enjoy good schools, shopping malls, safe environment

• Owning the latest car, appliance is symbol of social standing, success

• Industry churns out goods, advertising encourages consumers to buy

New Kenmore Ranges from Sears!—magazine advertisement (1957).

contributed to suburbanization and business expansion

spurred the building of roads and interstate highways;

encouraged suburbanization and urban decline

helped to popularize the equating ofmaterial goods with success; contributed

to the expansion of business; led to a boom in the advertising industry

Pop Culture and Rock ’n’ Roll

3SECTION

• Hollywood cranks out westerns, musicals, romances

• Sitcoms show what many consider to be ideal families

• Popularity of TV causes movie attendance to drop

• Rock ’n’ Roll—style of popular music, has black, white musicians

• Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, “beatniks” criticize shallow U.S. society

• Elvis Presley becomes the king of rock ’n’ roll

Elvis Presley performing at the

Mississippi–Alabama State Fair in Tupelo,

Mississippi (September 27,

1956).

Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz

Father Knows Best

Howdy Doody and Buffalo Bob Smith

Lassie

Mickey Mouse Club

THE LONE RANGER

Chuck Berry

Little Richard

Jerry Lee Lewis

Elvis Presley

The Election of 1960

3SECTION

• 1960 presidential election, one of closest in U.S. history

• Kennedy, Nixon stage 1st televised presidential debates

• Richard M. Nixon, Republican candidate

• Senator John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Democratic candidate

• Kennedy’s youthful energy, confidence helps him to win

• Kennedy is nation’s youngest president, 1st Catholic president

This is the end of the chapter presentation of lecture notes. Click the HOME or EXIT button.

Print TextPrint Text

Print Slide Show1. On the File menu, select Print2. In the pop-up menu, select Microsoft PowerPoint

If the dialog box does not include this pop-up, continue to step 4

3. In the Print what box, choose the presentation format you want to print: slides, notes, handouts, or outline

4. Click the Print button to print the PowerPoint presentation

Print Text Version1. Click the Print Text button below; a text file will open

in Adobe Acrobat2. On the File menu, select Print3. Click the Print button to print the entire document, or

select the pages you want to print

The Final Frost Barrier!—a magazine advertisement for General Motors’ Frost-Proof Imperial...

Documents