THE FOUNDATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Philosophy (428 B.C.-present) Mathematics (c. 800-present) Psychology (1879-present) Computer engineering (1940-

present) Linguistics (1957-present)

Philosophy (428 B.C.-present)

PLATO

428 B.C. His writings range across politics, mathematics,

physics, astronomy, and several branches of philosophy. Together, Plato, his teacher Socrates, and his

student Aristotle laid the foundation for much of western thought and culture.

HUBERT DREYFUS

450 B.C Says that "The story of artificial intelligence

might well

DualismMaterialismEmpiricist Induction

DUALISM

The position that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical, or that the mind and body are not identical.

MATERIALISM

Which holds that all the world (including the brain and mind) operate according to physical law

WILHELM LEIBNIZ (1646-1716)

Was probablythe first to take the materialist position to its logical conclusion and build a mechanical deviceintended to carry out mental operations.

His formulation of logic was so weak that his mechanical concept generator could not produce interesting results.

EMPIRICIST

a philosophical belief that states your knowledge of the world is based on your experiences, particularly your sensory experiences.

INDUCTION

Was proposed by Treatise of Human Nature (Hume, 1978)

Operation of the mind selecting among what appear to be the possible courses of action.

They remain "possible" because the brain does not have access to its own future states.

LOGICAL POSITIVISMOBSERVATION SENTENCESCONFIRMATION THEORYMEANS-ENDS ANALYSIS

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

This theory was introduced Bertrand Russell (1872-1970).

This doctrine holds that all knowledge can be characterized by logical, theories, connected.

CONFIRMATION THEORY

Rudolf Carnap and Carl Hempel attempted to establish the nature of the connection between the observation sentences and the more general theories—in other words, to understand how knowledge can be acquired from experience.

What form should this connection take, and how can particular actions be justified?

These questions are vital to AI, because only by understanding how actions are justified can we understand how to build an agent whose actions are justifiable, or rational.

MEANS-ENDS ANALYSIS

Typified by the following kind of common-sense argument.

It is useful, but does not say what to do when several actions will achieve the goal, or when no action will completely achieve it.

Mathematics (c. 800-present)

ALGORITHM

Philosophers staked out most of the important ideas of ArtificiaI Intelligence. The notion of expressing a computation as a formal algorithm goes back to al-Khowarazmi, an Arab mathematician of the ninth century, whose writings also introduced Europe to Arabic numerals and algebra.

INCOMPLETENESS THEOREM

Showed that in any language expressive enough to describe the properties of the natural numbers, there are true statements that are undecidable: their truth cannot be established by any algorithm.

INTRACTABILITY

is a controversial concept, which means different things to different people.

REDUCTION

refers to the rewriting of an expression into a simpler form.

a thing that is made smaller or less in size or amount, in particular.

NP-COMPLETENESS

the set of all decision problems whose solutions can be verified in polynomial time.

DECISION THEORY

the mathematical study of strategies for optimal decision-making between options involving different risks or expectations of gain or loss depending on the outcome.

Psychology (1879-present)

BEHAVIORISM

John Watson(1878-1958) aid Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) rebelled against this subjectivism, rejecting any theory involving mental processes on the grounds that introspection could not provide reliable evidence.

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

is the study of mental processes such as "attention, language use, memory, perception, problem solving, creativity, and thinking."

Computer engineering (1940-present)

FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TO SUCCEED, WE NEED TWO THINGS:

Intelligence Artifact

Linguistics (1957-present)

KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION

is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can utilize to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in a natural language.

COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS

is the study of computer processing, understanding, and generation of human languages. It is often regarded as a subfield of artificial intelligence.