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The French RevolutioN and the Napoleonic Empire
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THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN AGE
THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN AGE
THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN AGE
1789FRENCH
REVOLUTION
Start of the Modern Age
Political, economic and social changes
based on Enlightenment
End of the Ancien Régime
Reforms influenced by
Enlightenment ideas
New regime
New habits and customs in the
everyday life of the population
THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN AGE•The French Revolution marked the arrival
of a new era, which symbolised by the famous slogan:
LIBERTY, EQUALITY AND FRATERNITY
The slogan of the revolution (artist and date unknown)
THE CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
•What is a revolution?
Dramatic changes that
often includes:
The fall of a government
The transformation of a social and economic order
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
•Importance of the French Revolution?
▫violent political and social change.
▫abolition of the absolute monarchy.
▫the end of the estates system of
the Ancien Régime.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
Influence of the Enlightenment
Political crisis
Economic crisis Social crisis
THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONPolitical crisis
What were The Estates General?
• A meeting of representatives of the three estates of the realm in France.
• They gave the king some adviseon important issues, such as tax increases.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONPolitical crisis
THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONPolitical crisis•King Louis XVI (1774-
1792)▫He governed France as an
absolute monarch.▫He opposed meetings of
the Estates General.▫The estates of the realm:
could not present their demands.
Could not try to limit the king´s power. Why did Louis XVI oppose meetings
of this body?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONEconomic crisis• The French state was
bankrupt (without money and unable to pay debts).
▫Causes: participation in military
conflicts, such as the American War of independence.
The royal family spent large amounts of money on palaces, luxury goods and extravagant parties.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONEconomic crisis
•How did Louis XVI´s ministers try to improve the country finances?▫Increasing taxes
Even for the privileged upper classes.
Turgot
Necker
THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONSocial crisis•All three estates of the realm were
discontented with the crown, but for different reasons.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONSocial crisis
▫They wanted to protect their traditional economic privileges.
▫They refused to pay the taxes the king´s ministers were demanding.
Why were the nobility and clergy discontent with the king?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONSocial crisis
▫The upper class or bourgeoisie They wanted to abolish the
absolute monarchy because it didn´t allow them to participate in government.
Why was the Third Estate discontent with the king?
Bourgeoisie: upper middle class, including lawyers, doctors, and merchants and businessmen who control trade.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONSocial crisis
▫The lower class of petite bourgeoise They were suffering from economic
difficulties caused by wars, higher taxes and increased competition from British products.
Why was the Third Estate discontent with the king?
Petite bourgeoisie: lower middle class, such as small merchants and artisans.
THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONSocial crisis
▫The peasantry
They also suffered economic problems caused by wars, taxes and poor harvest.
They also had to pay higher rent to the clergy and nobility.
Why was the Third Estate discontent with the king?
THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONSocial crisis
▫The middle class and peasantry were angered by the luxurious lifestyle of the royal family and court.
▫They rejected the privileges enjoyed by the clergy and the nobility.
Why was the Third Estate discontent with the king?
MAJOR EVENTS OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
MAJOR EVENTS THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
• STARTING POINT
▫ Bankrupt in France
▫ Privileged people refuse to
pay taxes.
What did the king have to
do to face this economic crisis?
The king decided to call together the Estates General in
1789 in order to increse taxes.▫ The last time a French king called together the Estates General was in 1614.
The minister Necker duplicated the number of
representatives of the Third State in the Estates General to
stop the power of the privileged people.
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY July 1789
•Estates General: the problem of the voting system
Nobility and clergy´s voting proposal: 2 votes out of one.
Third Estate´s voting proposal: each representative would have an individual vote.
Third StatePrivi-leged people
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY July 1789
•Estates General: the problem of the voting system▫The king refused to the Third Estate´s
proposal The Third Estate´s reaction
They realised that their group was the biggest in number of people.
They declared themselves the true representatives of the nation.
They formed a National Assembly and demanded a constitution.
THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY July 1789
The National Assembly• The Third State met at the
Tennis Court (Juego de Pelota) where they swore that they would be gathered until they had written a constitution.
Tennis Court OathBy Jacques-Louis David
(Juramento del Juego de Pelota)The Constituent Assembly
THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY 1789-1791
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A new Constituent Assembly was elected to write a constitution.
THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY 1789-1791
At the same time, protesters began
to riot in the streets of Paris.
On 14 July 1789, they attacked
the Bastille (a famous political
prison of Luis XIV and symbol of
absolutism)
After that, more riots broke out in
the countryside and in other cities
around France.
The Storming of the Bastille by Jean-Pierre-Louis-Laurent Houe
(La toma de la Bastilla)
THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY 1789-1791
Objectives of the Constituent Assembly
To put an end to the Ancien Régime in France.
To write a Constitution
THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY 1789-1791
• In reaction to the violent protests, theConstituent Assembly implemented a number of legal reforms:
Reforms of the Constituent Assembly
Abolition of the feudal rights.
suppression of the tithe
Suppression of the jurisdiction of the privileged.
Approval of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.
Guarantee of personal freedom and liberty
• End of the Ancien Régime.
• Triumph of the liberal revolution.
THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY 1789-1791
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.1789
•The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen:
▫All men are born free and equal in their rights
▫Liberty consists of the freedom to do anything which doesn´t harm other people.
THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY 1789-1791
•What is the king´s reaction?▫He tries to escape to
Austria to ask for support there.
▫The revolutionaries discovered the king´s plans and prevented his escape.
THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY 1789-1791
French Constitution 1791
A constitutional monarchy
Separation of powers
Limited male
suffragePopular sovereignty
Triumph of the upper bourgeoisie´s ideas.
THE CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY 1791-1792
•The bourgeoisie was happy with the Constitution and wanted to stop the revolution here.
•But the sans-culottes wanted deeper changes in society and in property.
•The king and the privileged didn´t accept these changes.
A «sans-culottes»: workers and craftsmen.
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY 1791-1792
•After the Constitution had been adopted, a new Legislative Assembly was elected to implement the legal changes.
Political groups
Girondins Jacobins
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY 1791-1792
Believed in the revolution but represented the interests of the bourgeoisie.
Moderate political ideas.
Liberal economic policies that helped the middle class.
Limited suffrage.
GIRONDINS
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY 1791-1792
Believed in the revolution, but their ideas were more radical.
Abolition of the monarchy and put the king on trial.
Expand the suffrage.
Control price rises to help workers.
They gained support of the Parisinian labourers known as «san´s-cullotes»
JACOBINS
THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY 1791-1792
•Louis XVI opposed the reforms of the Legislative Assembly:▫He asked Austria for support.
Legislative Assembly´s reaction
Imprisoned the king
Abolished the monarchy
Declared a republic
THE GIRONDIN CONVENTION1792-1793
▫The beginning of the Republic starts the radical and popular phase of the Revolution.
▫There were elections for a new Assembly called: The Convention:
Louis XVI was accused of treason and then executed.
Execution of Louis XVI. 21 January 1793
«The end, not of a man, but of an institution»
THE CONVENTION1792-1793
•A number of European countries formed a coalition and declared war on France to prevent the revolution from spreading.
THE JACOBIN CONVENTION AND THE TERROR (1793-1794)
• The «sans-culottes» gave a «coup-d
´Etat» against the Girondins in
June 1793.
• The leader of the Jacobins was
Robespierre.
• The Jacobins took control of the
government and imposed a
dictatorship, known as the
Terror. Robespierre
THE JACOBIN CONVENTION AND THE TERROR (1793-1794)
• As President of the Republic,
Robespierre established a
repressive, dictatorial
government (The Terror) to
defend the revolution and eliminate
his political adversaries.
▫ Robespierre owned the three
powers.
▫ The consitution was cancelled. Robespierre
THE JACOBIN CONVENTION AND THE TERROR (1793-1794)
• The jacobins persecuted
people they believed to be
counter-revolutionaries.
• More than 42.000 people
were executed by guillotine
during the Terror.
THE JACOBIN CONVENTION AND THE TERROR (1793-1794)
•27 July 1794 there was a
Coup-d´Etat.
•When Robespierre was
removed from power, he
was also executed by
guillotine in the Place de
la Révolution. Robespierre´s execution by guillotine.
THE DIRECTORY 1795-1799
• By 1795, France´s moderate middle class had gained
control of the country.
• To avoid a new dictatorship, a moderated government
was created.
▫ The executive power was controlled by a Directory
A more conservative government which was composed of
five members.
Created to stop the violence and executions.
▫ New Constitution (1795)
THE CONSULATE1799
• The Directory was weak.
▫ Supporters of the monarchy wanted to restore the Borbons.
▫ Radical revolutionaries wanted to regain control.
• In response, General Napoleon
Bonaparte organised a military
coup and established a new form
of government called the
Consulate. Coup-d´Etat. 18 Brumario.
THE CONSULATE1799
•The Consulate was a group of three leaders known as consuls.
•It included Napoleon himself as head of state and First Consul.
Napoleon (centre) and other two leaders of the Consulate.
FROM REVOLUTION TO EMPIRE
FROM REVOLUTION TO EMPIRE
Napoleon gradually increased its power:
• He was named First Consul for Life in 1802. (cónsul vitalicio)
Napoleon Bonaparte´s power
FROM REVOLUTION TO EMPIRE
• In 1804 Napoleon declared himself Emperor of France.
Napoleon Bonaparte´s power
The Constitution of 1804 says that the government of the Republic is given to an emperor.
FROM REVOLUTION TO EMPIRE
DOMESTIC POLICY
CIVIL CODE
A set of laws that applied equally to all citizens
NEW LEGAL CONCEPTS
Civil marriage, divorce, adoption and state education
Achievements of Napoleon as emperor
FROM REVOLUTION TO EMPIRE
INTERNATIONAL POLICY
Expansion of his empire over other European powers.
As a result of many military victories
Imposition of the Enlightenment
and revolutionary policies
Including constitutions that abolished absolute
monarchy
Achievements of Napoleon as emperor
EUROPE IN THE 18TH CENTURY BEFORE NAPOLEON´S CONQUESTS
INTERNATIONAL POLICY:THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
Napoleon defeated all of the countries that were allied against France, except for Britain.
INTERNATIONAL POLICY:THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
INTERNATIONAL POLICY:THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
INTERNATIONAL POLICY:THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
INTERNATIONAL POLICY:THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
Continental blockade: measures taken by Napoleon between 1806-1807 to suppress the British trade with Europe.
INTERNATIONAL POLICY:THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
THE DECLINE OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
• From 1812 onwards, his power began to decline because he had to divide his forces between two very distant fronts:• Spain• The Russian Empire
• Napoleon abdicated in 1814 and went into exile on the island of Elba.
INTERNATIONAL POLICY:THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
THE DECLINE OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
• Napoleon went back to
power during a period
of one hundred days,
but he was definetly
defeated in Waterloo
(1815).
INTERNATIONAL POLICY:THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
THE DECLINE OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE• As a punishment, he was deported on
the small island of Saint Helena, where
he died.
Empty Napoleon´s tomb in Saint Helena
INTERNATIONAL POLICY:THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
THE DECLINE OF THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE• What happened after
Napoleon´s defeat?
• The victorious powers
re-established the
Ancien Régime,
although this only
lasted for a short period
of time.
Napoleon´s tomb in Les Invalides. Paris.
THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
•The most important consequence is the crisis and disintegration of the Ancien Régime.
Consequences
Political changes
Economic changes
Social changes
THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
POLITICAL CHANGES
New forms of government
Constitutional
monarchies
Republics
New constitutions
based on:
Popular sovereignty
Separation of powers
New constitutions established:
Limited male
suffrage
Civil rights
Emergence of political groups
Because of elections
THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
ECONOMIC CHANGES
End of the economic privileges
All the citizens now had to pay tax and contritute to
the state´s expenses.
Included the nobility and clergy.
Property rights
Guaranteed by new laws.
Free trade
Guaranteed by new laws.
It benefited middle-
class merchants.
THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE
SOCIAL CHANGES
End of the estates system
Society in the Ancien Régime
Society after the French Revolution
SPAIN: OCUPATION AND LIBERATION
SPAIN: OCUPATION AND LIBERATION
•Who was the king of Spain when the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire took place?
Carlos IV
Napoleon´s occupation of Spain
• Who was Godoy?
• He was one of Carlos IV´s most important ministers.
• He supported Napoleon in the war against Great Britain.
Napoleon´s occupation of Spain
The war against Britain
• Spain participated in this
war with an important
fleet.
• But French and Spanish
forces were defeated by
the British at the Battle
of Trafalgar in 1805.
Napoleon´s occupation of Spain
Portugal was allied with Great
Britain.
France asked Spain for
permission for the French
troops to pass through Spain on their way to attack Portugal.
Spain agreed and signed the Treaty of
Fontainebleau in 1807.
The consecuences of having lost against Great Britain.
Napoleon´s occupation of Spain
But in the end, the French forces occupied Spain and sent Carlos IV and his son Fernando to Bayonne, in
France.
In Bayonne, Carlos IV and his son renounced
their rights to the Spanish throne in
favour of Napoleon.
Napoleon made his own brother,
Joseph Bonaparte, the
new king of Spain in 1808.
Napoleon´s occupation of Spain
What is the consecuence of Napoleon´s occupation of
Spain?
The Spanish War of Independence
The Spanish war of Independence
• STARTING POINT:• On 2 May 1808 the people of Madrid rose up
against the French occupation.
The 2nd of May 1808 (Francisco de Goya, 1814)
The Spanish war of Independence
Processes of the Spanish War
of Independence
1.- The war
2.- Political revolution
The Spanish war of Independence
• At first, the Spanish forces
won some victories, such as
the Battle of Bailen.
• Soon the French occupation
was almost complete.
• Some areas, such as Zaragoza
o Girona, resisted the French
for a time, but were finally
conquered.
• Cádiz was the only city that
did not fall to the French.
1.-THE
WAR
The Spanish war of Independence
• Finally, the French were
defeated in 1813, thanks
to:
• Support from British
Forces led by the
Duke of Wellington.
The Spanish war of Independence
• Finally, the French were
defeated in 1813, thanks
to:
• Groups Spanish
citizens who
carried out
guerrilla attacks on
the French forces.
Group of Spanish warriors against the French troops.
Guerrilla: use of irregular military tactics against a regular army, such as surprise attacks and sabotage.
The Spanish war of IndependenceP
oli
tical
revo
luti
on
Two separate
governments
Joseph Bonaparte as the head of the Government in Spain
The Central Council as the representation of the absent Fernando
VII
2.-POLITICAL
REVOLUTION
The Spanish war of Independence
The government of Joseph Bonaparte (Joseph I)
He was the head of the
French government in
Spain.
He imposed the Bayonne Constitution
Enlightened reforms:
- Equality under the law.
- Everyone had to pay taxes.
He had some Spanish
supporters, called
afrancesados
Most Spanish people rejected his
authority.
The Spanish war of Independence
The Central Council(Junta Suprema Central )
It represented the absent Fernando
VII in the areas not occupied by the
French.
It coordinated local and provincial
councils that had been elected.
It was the first time that Spanish people
had their own elected
representatives.
The Spanish war of Independence
• In response to
French advances,
the Central Council
took refuge in
Cádiz.
The Spanish war of Independence
• In 1810 was replaced by
the Regency Council:
• It was a provisional
government of Spain,
opposed to the French.
• It called together the
Cortes.
The Spanish war of Independence
• In 1812 the Cortes of Cádiz approved the first
Spanish constitution.
This was the
victory of
Enlightnement
ideas over the
Ancien Régime
in Spain.
The adoption of the Constitution in 1812. Salvador Viniegra (Museo de las Cortes de Cádiz).
The Spanish war of Independence
• In 1812 the Cortes of Cádiz approved the first
Spanish constitution.
This was the
victory of
Enlightnement
ideas over the
Ancien Régime
in Spain.
The adoption of the Constitution in 1812. Salvador Viniegra (Museo de las Cortes de Cádiz).
The first Spanish constitution
Constitution of 1812
Constitutional monarchy
Separation of powers
Catholicism as the state
religion Guaranteed rights and freedoms
Popular sovereignty
Executive: MonarchLegislative: Monarch and CortesJudicial: Courts of Justice
• Equality under the law• The rights of:
• Privacy• Freedom of the
press• Prohibition of
torture
The Spanish war of Independence
¡Viva la pepa! es el grito con el que desde el 19 de marzo de 1812 (festividad de San José) proclamaban los liberales españoles su adhesión a la Constitución de Cádiz (proclamada ese día, y conocida popularmente como la Pepa).
¡VIVA LA PEPA!
ART:THE EMPIRE STYLE AND GOYA
The Empire Style: Neoclassicism
•What is the Empire Style?
▫It is a variant of Neoclassicism that
emerged during the Napoleonic Empire,
and lasted from 1800 to 1820.
▫Its main characteristics reflected
Napoleon´s personal aesthetic tastes.
The Empire Style: Neoclassicism
•Defining characteristics of the Empire
Style?
▫Simple forms
▫Decorations that imitated
classical Greek or Roman
art styles.
The Empire Style: Neoclassicism
•Architecture
▫Commemorative
arches and
columns, similar to
those of the Roman
Empire. The Arc de Triomphe in Paris, designed by Chalgrin.
The Empire Style: Neoclassicism
•Sculpture
▫Made of white marble
▫Mithological themes
or famous people.
Paulina Bonaparte, by Canova
The Empire Style: Neoclassicism
•Painting
Historical and mythological
themes.
Many portraits of famous people.
The coronation of Napoleon, by David.
Cupid and Psyche, by Gérard.
GOYA
Who was Goya?
• Francisco de Goya was a court painter during the reigns of Carlos IV, José I and Fernando VII.
• Goya was the most significant Spanish artist of his time.
GOYA
How was Goya´s work?• His work is difficult to classify
because he created his personal style.
• It depended on varios factors:▫ His professional career as a
court painter.▫ His experiences during the War
of Independence.▫ An illness left Goya deaf and he
retired to his estate in Madrid.▫ During his final years, he lived
in Burgundy, France.
GOYA
Periods of Goya´s
paintings
The court period
The Spanish War of
Independence
Retirement to his estate and
exile in France
GOYA
1.- COURT PERIOD•Cartoons for tapestries made in the royal
factory.
The dance of San Antonio de la Florida.
One characteristic:
Use of pastel colours, such as pinks, and blues, and sense of depth.
GOYA
COURT PERIOD•Portraits of the royal family and nobility.
Carlos IV´s family.
One characteristic:
Depiction of people´s psicological characteristics.
GOYA
1.- COURT PERIOD•Religious paintings.
Frescoes in the Ermita de San Antonio de la Florida, in Madrid.
One characteristic:
Depiction of popular festivals and the miracles of St. Anthony.
GOYA
1.- COURT PERIOD•Prints from etchings:
The caprices
One characteristic:
Criticism of Spanish customs.
GOYA
2.- THE SPANISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE•Historical themes.
The 2nd and 3rd of May 1808
Characteristics:• Variety of different
poses with lots of action.
• Protests against war and its horrific consequences.
GOYA
2.- THE SPANISH WAR OF INDEPENDENCE•Prints from engravings.
The disparates
Characteristics:• Criticism of the
Ancien Régime.• Depictions of
bullfighting themes.
The tauromaquia
The disasters of war
GOYA
3.- RETIREMENT TO HIS ESTATE IN MADRID •Black paintings.
Characteristics:• Reflections on old age
and death.• Dark colours and night
scenes.• Loose brush-strokes
and less-defined figures.
Two old men eating soup.
Fight with cudgels.
GOYA
3.- EXILE IN FRANCE
•Burgundy paintings.
One characteristic:• Depictions of daily
life.• Loose brush-strokes
and less-defined figures.
The milkmaid of Bordeaux.
_______________Mª Isabel Aguña AguerriProfesora de Geografía e HistoriaSección Bilingüe