Post on 10-Jun-2018
transcript
Basics 4 Vocab
Three estates – France’s 3 social classes: the clergy (1st),
the nobility (2nd), and everyone else (3rd)
Bourgeoisie – the middle class and highest level of the 3rd
estate
Estates-General – France’s legislative, law-making, body
in which each estate had one vote
National Assembly – Revolutionary legislature formed
when the 1st & 2nd estates locked the 3rd estate out of the
Estates-General
Tennis Court Oath – Oath taken by the National Assembly
to not leave until there was a new French Constitution
More Basics 4 Vocab
Bastille – Parisian prison that was destroyed July 14th 1789
as crowds searched for weapons and gunpowder to protect
themselves from the French Army
Sans-culottes – working class revolutionaries who pushed
for a republic and wanted to end the monarchy
Jacobins – middle class lawyers and intellectuals who were
in favor of a republic
Émigré – clergy and nobles who fled France and
revolutionaries with tales of mob violence that frightened
many European monarchs
Last slide of Basics 4 Vocab
Suffrage – the right to vote
Robespierre – leader of the Committee of Public
Safety, a Jacobin, he took control of the French
Revolution and began the Reign of Terror
Reign of Terror – September 1793 – July 1794
which tried about 300,000 individuals and executed
17,000 “enemies of the revolution”
Nationalism – feelings of pride and love for one’s
country
Third Estate
Divided into three sub classes:
1. Merchants and artisans
– Rich and well educated (liberal ideologies)
2.Working Class (cooks, servants, and others)
Poor wage earners
Price of bread was very important to them
3. Farmers (80% of people)
Heavily taxed, had to work for nobles/
clergy for free
France’s National Problems
1. Crop failures led to grain shortages
2. Large debt due to Wars (in the
Americas)
– Bankers refused to lend more money
3. Weak leader
King and Queen of France
Louis XVI-
– Great Grandson of Louis XIV
– Not very focused on his duties
• Wanted to have fun (hunt, play with locks, etc)
Marie Antoinette-
– Daughter of Austrian Maria Theresa
– big spender
Louis is forced to call the
Estates-General (May 1789) meeting of all 3 estates
first time in 175 yrs.
Each estate gets 1 vote
3rd Estate was always
outvoted by the other two estates
Estates-General of May 1789
Estates-General called at request of 1st & 2nd
Estates
– Goal: To limit the powers of the monarchy
• Similar to England’s Glorious Revolution
1st and 2nd Estate
– feared losing money from Louis’ big
spending…wanted to control him
3rd Estate
– complained about unequal voting rights.
– Estates-General refused to listen to them and the 3rd
Estate was locked out.
Tennis Court Oath (June 1789)
Third Estate met separately
New name=National Assembly
Declared that the Assembly, not the king, were the voice of the people
Tennis Court Oath (National
Assembly is formed)
Rumors start
Rumor of King’s army coming to
stop the NA meetings
People storm the Bastille to get ready (get gun powder)
King fears that the people are going
revolt
More rumors of nobles hiring troops to kill
peasants in countryside
Peasants react to the rumors by burning noble’s homes (The Great Fear-summer
of 1789)
Louis was so disconnected from
his people…
Louis was so disconnected from the
people that he wrote in journal (on the
day of the Storming of the Bastille)
“Rein” or “nothing happened”
referring to his afternoon hunt
Declaration of the Rights of Man
– Issued August 26, 1789
– “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights”
• Women were not included
• Right to liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression
• Sets up a Constitutional Monarchy
Women’s Bread Riot, October 5th 1789
Price of bread (and other necessities) rise
Thousands of women took up arms and marched 12
miles to Versailles (King’s palace)
Killed two guards
Forced the king and his family to move to Paris
Louis tries to escape France (June 1791)
On his way to Austria
– Stopped by townsmen and guards
Many argue that the King is not to be trusted
France’s Radical Groups: Émigrés:
nobles and clergy
who fled France
Far right supporters
Sans-culottes:
“those without knee
breeches”
mobs wage earners of
the cities
far left supporters
Political Spectrum:
Left
Liberal, wants
extreme change
Right
Conservative, wants
to go back to old
times
Europe turns against the Revolution Austria (Marie’s Homeland) feared that the
revolution against nobility would spread to other nations.
– Austria declared war on France in 1792, later joined by Prussia, Holland, Spain, and England..
– French Émigrés joined with the foreigners.
– Austrian and Prussian forces near Paris and threatened to destroy Paris if the Royal family was harmed
– Outraged Parisian mob kills the King’s Swiss guards and imprisons the royal family in a tower.
The Last Straw:
the September Massacre (1792) The Sans-culottes hear that
they are losing power and kill
over a 1,000 noble, clergy &
other prisoners
Power is transferred to the Left
Radicals called the Jacobins
– No longer interested in allowing a
Monarch to govern: now they
want a new form of government
King No More The
revolutionaries defeat the invading armies
The Jacobins establish a Republic.
Louis is beheaded by the Guillotine (Jan. 1793)
New Leader:
Maximilien Robespierre Revolution goes past politics
Slavery is outlawed
Death penalty is outlawed (predict: why is this ironic?)
Religious Freedom for Jews and Protestants
Playing cards—no jacks, queens and kings
Calendar was changed to 12 months 30 days
each
– 10 day week, no Sundays
(religion seen as old fashion)
All churches were closed
Bread prices were controlled
Committee of Public Safety (July
1793 to July 1794) Led by Robespierre
Ordered to root out
traitors of the
Revolution
No one was safe
Neighbor turned on
neighbor
Reign of Terror
Run by the Committee of Public Safety
Killed:
– Marie Antoinette
– early leaders of the revolution
– fellow Jacobins
– Robespierre was killed (July 1794)
– About 40,000 people had been killed, most=commoners
The Directory
Five Moderates
– Next and final leaders of the revolution
• Corrupt and relatively weak
• Could not provide stability
• Bread prices increase again
• New movement to restore the Monarch
• Not ideal, but compared to the Terror it was breath of fresh air to the weary French people