The Functionalist Protest• Functionalists’ Goal: Determine how the

organism uses the mind to adapt to the environment

• First uniquely American system of psychology

• Deliberate protest against Wundt's and Titchener's systems

• Interest in applying psychology to real world

The Evolution Revolution: Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

• On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859):one of the most influential books in the world– Form and substance of American

psychology shaped by Darwin’s ideas

An Ode to Evolution• Organic life beneath the shoreless waves

Was born and nurs'd in ocean's pearly caves;First forms minute, unseen by spheric glass,Move on the mud, or pierce the watery mass;These, as successive generations bloom,New powers acquire and larger limbs assume;Whence countless groups of vegetation spring,And breathing realms of fin and feet and wing.– Erasmus Darwin. The Temple of Nature. 1802.

Other Predecessors• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1809):

Active Modification– Through efforts to adapt to

environment

– Inherited by succeeding generations

• Vestiges of Creation (1844) by Anonymous

Other Predecessors• Darwin Read Thomas Malthus, Essay on the

Principle of Population (1789) – Food supply increases linearly– Human population increases exponetially– Result: Starvation is an inevitable part of a

cycle– Only the most aggressive, intelligent and

flexible will survive– Social welfare is bad for the Britain

Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)

Setting the Stage – 19th century Britain• Zeitgeist

– Receptive intellectual climate

– Social evolution due to industrial revolution

– Growing dominance of science – it was working!

The World Comes to Europe

The World comes to Europe

• Fossils and bones of extinct species found

• HMS Beagle: 1831-1836• Captain Fitzroy was looking for a creationist!• Darwin makes Geological and Zoological

observations that challenge Biblical notions.

Galapagos FinchesPeter and Rosemary Grant: visited islands in 1973 to observe modifications in several generations of 13 finch species – Changes occur faster than Darwin predicted!

Darwin Finally Goes Public• Worked on his theory of evolution for 22 years• A. R. Wallace (1858) wrote Darwin about a theory

of evolution that he developed in 3 days!• Ethical dilemma for Darwin• Darwin overwhelmed with new physical illness

• Spontaneous variability among members of a species is inheritable – He described genes and mutations without the benefit of biochemistry!

• Natural selection: process that leads to survival of organisms which adapt to the environment; Elimination of those which do not

Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895) and the Evolution Controversy

• Striving biologist; Leader among England's scientists

• Champion of Darwin’s theory• 1860: Debate on theory of

evolution at Oxford: Huxley versus bishop Samuel Wilberforce who defended the Bible and Robert Fitzroy, captain of HMS Beagle

Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895) and the Evolution Controversy

• 1865 Fitzroy Commits suicide

• Wilberforce dies

• 1925: Scopes Monkey Trial

• 1987: Louisiana “Equal Time” case

• 1999: Kansas State BOE

• 2004: Dover, PA

– The white supremacy movement– Social and Economic Darwinism

The Genie is out of the Bottle

– Darwin’s other work• 1871: The Descent of Man

–Emphasized similarity between animal and human processes

• 1872: The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals

• 1877: A Biographical Sketch of an Infant

The Genie is out of the Bottle

The Evolution of MachinesSamuel Butler (1835-1902)

– Machines would become self-acting– Capable of simulating human intelligence– Humans become dependent on machines– Suggested machines would become superior

Darwin and Psychology– Subject matter of psychology goes from

elements to functions of consciousness– Continuity in mental functioning between

humans and lower animals/humans and ancestors– Studying animal behavior can help us understand

human behavior– How does the brain function and adapt?– Methods were broadened in scope – Increased focus on individual differences and

their measurement – no trait is accidental!!

Individual Differences: Francis Galton (1822-1911)

• Darwin emphasized differences within species – including humans!

• Had been examined by Weber, Fechner, Helmhotz but ultimately considered inappropriate by the early German schools

• Galton – Darwin’s cousin mixed evolution with statistics

• Mental Inheritance– Hereditary Genius (1869)

• Eminent men have eminent sons

• Specific forms of genius inherited

• Founded eugenics: improve inherited human traits through artificial selection

• Applied statistical concepts to heredity problems

• Eminence not a function of opportunity

Galton’s Work

Francis Galton (1822-1911)• “I have no patience with the hypothesis

occasionally expressed, and often implied, especially in tales written to teach children to be good, that babies are born pretty much alike, and that the sole agencies in creating differences between boy and boy, and man and man, are steady application and moral effort.”

– 1874: English Men of Science

– 1889: Natural Inheritance

– Established eugenics laboratory at university college, London

– 1904: founded organization for promoting racial improvement

– Clearly opposed the British Empirical movement of the 17th century

Galton’s Work

Statistical Methods and “Differential Psychology”

– Galton assumed statistical techniques of Biology could be applied to mental characteristics. In doing so, developed:• Mean and standard deviation

• Correlation Measures– His student, Pearson, developed product-

moment coefficient of correlation

• Pearson’s r: for Galton’s discovery of regression toward the mean

Why Galton?– Mental Tests (coined by J.M. Cattell)– Intelligence and sensory capacities

• “Arithmetic by Smell” and other topics– Self-induced paranoia

– Validity of religious beliefs

– Power of prayer

– Yawns and coughs as a measure of boredom

– Arithmetic by Smell

Galton’s Passtimes

Animal Psychology and the development of Functionalism

• Before Darwin: animals were automata

• With Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals…

– Continuity between humans and animals

– Search for evidence of intelligence in animals

– Human emotional behavior: inheritance of behavior that was (or still is) useful

Seeing what you want to see• Ernst Haeckel (1866)

– “Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny”– The statement influenced many developmental

psychologists

Studies of Animal Intelligence• George John Romanes (1848-1894)

– British physiologist– Formalized and systematized

study of animal intelligence– Animal Intelligence (1883)

• Early comparative psychology• Washburn’s The Animal Mind

(1908)

– Theory based on anecdote

Conway Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936)• Proposed a Law of Parsimony:

“Behavior must not be attributed to a higher mental process when it can be explained in terms of lower mental processes”– Lloyd Morgan’s Canon (1894)

• Goal: give comparative psychology a more scientific basis

• Believed most animal behavior due to learning based on sensory experience

• First to conduct large-scale experimental studies in animal psychology

Foundations of Functionalism• Darwin’s Legacy for Psychology

– Regard each anatomical structure, including the brain, as a utilitarian element in a total living adaptive system

• Indirect Legacy– Galton and measurement

– Comparative Psychology

– Lloyd Morgan inspires Behaviorism