Post on 15-Jan-2016
transcript
The Goals of Science – The physical universe is a system composed of parts and processes that
interact. All objects in the universe, and all interactions among those objects, are governed by universal natural laws.
–provide natural explanations for events in the natural world through observation.
– Science also aims to use those explanations to understand patterns in nature
–make useful predictions about natural events.
Learning about science means understanding
what we know… and what we don’t know.
Science rarely“ proves” anything in absolute terms.
Scientists aim for the best understanding of the
natural world that current methods can reveal.
Scientists propose explanations that are
based on evidence, not belief. Then they test
those explanations with more evidence.
Scientific Methodology: The Heart of Science
– What procedures are at the core of scientific methodology?
– Scientific methodology involves observing and asking questions, making inferences and forming hypotheses, conducting controlled experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.
Common Theory vs Scientific Theory a hunch or guess.
What a scientist would call a hypothesis.
A well tested explanation that tiestogether many hypotheses allowingscientist to make accurate predictionsabout new situations.
There are six steps to the scientific Method
Use your senses to find out what’s
going on.
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 5 Step 4Step 6
Make Observations State the Problem Form a Hypothesis
Make a Conclusion Record &Analyze Experiment
Use your senses to find out what’s
going on.
What is it that youdon’t like
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 5 Step 4Step 6
Make Observations State the Problem Form a Hypothesis
Make a Conclusion Record &Analyze Experiment
. Use your senses to
find out what’s going on.
What is it that youdon’t like
Use IF to tell what to do to solve the problem
and THEN to state what you think will happen
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 5 Step 4Step 6
Make Observations State the Problem Form a Hypothesis
Make a Conclusion Record &Analyze Experiment
Use your senses to find out what’s
going on.
What is it that youdon’t like
Use IF to tell what to do to solve the problem
and THEN to state what you think will happen
Perform your hypothesis
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 5 Step 4Step 6
Make Observations State the Problem Form a Hypothesis
Make a Conclusion Record &Analyze Experiment
Use your senses to find out what’s
going on.
What is it that youdon’t like
Write or chartwhat happened
Perform your hypothesis
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 5 Step 4Step 6
Make Observations State the Problem Form a Hypothesis
Make a Conclusion Record &Analyze Experiment
Use IF to tell what to do to solve the problem
and THEN to state what you think will happen
Use your senses to find out what’s
going on.
What is it that youdon’t like
Did the experimentsupport the hypothesis
Write or chartwhat happened
Perform your hypothesis
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 5 Step 4Step 6
Make Observations State the Problem Form a Hypothesis
Make a Conclusion Record &Analyze Experiment
Use IF to tell what to do to solve the problem
and THEN to state what you think will happen
Where do maggots come from?
In the past people did not know. Somethought they just appeared spontaneouslywithout any cause…Were they right? How could you find out?
List and label the IV, independent variable or (manipulated variable) in Redi’s experiment.
Independent Variables = IV(manipulated variables) (do their own thing…What’s different?)
Gauze coveringadded to 1 set of jars keeps flies away from meat is different. next
next
What would the DV, dependent variable in Reddi’s experiment be?(the response to the the IV)
DV = response to the IV :whether or not the maggots appear
What would the DV, dependent variable be?(the response to the the IV)
Control Variables (Stay the same)jars, type of meat,location, temperature,time
Independent orManipulated Variables: (do their own thing…What’s different?)
gauze coveringthat keeps flies away from meat.
DV= responding Variable: whether maggots appear
next
What does a scientist do if the experiment refutes the hypothesis (does not supportthe hypothesis)?
1. Check that they did the experiment correctly.2. Check the hypothesis
This summer did you put on sun block and stillget a sunburn?
How could we use the scientific method to test if sun blockreduces UV exposure?
How do you know there is a problem.
What is it that youdon’t like
Did the experimentsupport the hypothesis
Write or chartwhat happened
Perform your hypothesis
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 5 Step 4Step 6
Make Observations State the Problem Form a Hypothesis
Make a Conclusion Record &Analyze Experiment
UV radiation causes sunburn
Use IF to tell what to do to solve the problem
and THEN to state what you think will happen
How do you know there is a problem.
What is it that youdon’t like
Did the experimentsupport the hypothesis
Write or chartwhat happened
Perform your hypothesis
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 5 Step 4Step 6
Make Observations State the Problem Form a Hypothesis
Make a Conclusion Record &Analyze Experiment
UV radiation causes sunburn
Sunburn leadsto skin cancer
Use IF to tell what to do to solve the problem
and THEN to state what you think will happen
time no block block
Use your senses to find out what’s
going on.
What is it that youdon’t like
Did the experimentsupport the hypothesis
Write or chartwhat happened
Perform your hypothesis
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 5 Step 4Step 6
Make Observations State the Problem Form a Hypothesis
Make a Conclusion Record &Analyze Experiment
UV radiation causes sunburn
Sunburn leadsto skin cancer
If I use sun blockthen I won’t get asmuch UV radiation
Use IF to tell what to do to solve the problem
and THEN to state what you think will happen
time no block block
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.PROCEDURE
Controlled Variables:jars, type of meat,location, temperature,time
Manipulated or Independent Variables:gauze covering thatkeeps flies away from meat
Uncovered jars Covered jars
Several days pass
Maggots appear No maggots appearResponding or Dependent Variable: whether maggots appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.
Section 1-2
Go to Section:
The Scientific Method changes just 1 variable ata time.
Change just 1 thing in your sun block experiment.
Use your senses to find out what’s
going on.
What is it that youdon’t like
Did the experimentsupport the hypothesis
Write or chartwhat happened
How many seconds did it take your bead ___
Perform your hypothesis
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 5 Step 4Step 6
Make Observations State the Problem Form a Hypothesis
Make a Conclusion Record &Analyze Experiment
UV radiation causes sunburn
Expose 2 UV sensitivebeads to UV after coating one beadwith sun block
Sunburn leadsto skin cancer
If I use sun blockthen I won’t get asmuch UV radiation
Use IF to tell what to do to solve the problem
and THEN to state what you think will happen
time no block block
Use your senses to find out what’s
going on.
What is it that youdon’t like
Did the experimentsupport the hypothesis
Write or chartwhat happened
How many seconds did it take your bead ___
Perform your hypothesis
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 5 Step 4Step 6
Make Observations State the Problem Form a Hypothesis
Make a Conclusion Record &Analyze Experiment
UV radiation causes sunburn
Expose 2 UV sensitivebeads to UV after coating one beadwith sun block
Sunburn leadsto skin cancer
I don’t want to burn
If I use sun blockthen I won’t get asmuch UV radiation
Use IF to tell what to do to solve the problem
and THEN to state what you think will happen
# changed/time no block
block
I V
DV
Use your senses to find out what’s
going on.
What is it that youdon’t like
Did the experimentsupport the hypothesis
Write or chartwhat happened
How many seconds did it take your bead ___
Perform your hypothesis
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3
Step 5 Step 4Step 6
Make Observations State the Problem Form a Hypothesis
Make a Conclusion Record &Analyze Experiment
UV radiation causes sunburn
Expose 2 UV sensitivebeads to UV after coating one beadwith sun block
Sunburn leadsto skin cancer
I don’t want to burn
If I use sun blockthen I won’t get asmuch UV radiation
Use IF to tell what to do to solve the problem
and THEN to state what you think will happen
#Changed/time DVno block
block
I V Yes… it took longer to get the same UV exposure with sun block
When starting an experiment design a Data Table to record your observationsin a useable way.
The first column of a data table uses the independent variable as it’s heading.
The dependent variable is the heading for next column.
Make a linear graph of the results over time.
fill 2 lines, one for sun block and another for no sun block
Include the following • Full Title• Label for the X & Y axis• Key for colors or shapes for block & no block
No block Sun block
Independent Variable(manipulated)
Dependent Variable (Responding)
# of beadsthat changed
Time till# beads changed
The title for an experiment states the Affect of the IV on the DV
The Affect of Sun Block on Exposure toUV Radiation
This is the process that all scientists follow so their experiments are documented and repeatable…
even though decadesor centuries may have passed.