The great three wars in the 20th

century

A fundamental belief system concerned with the nature of society’s political, social, and economic arrangements and the role of individuals and groups within these arrangements.

1st World War 2 nd World War

Cold War

MASS IDEOLOGIES AND WORLD WARSFIRST WORLD WAR (1914-1918)

Multiple Causes

Rise and Challenge of German industrial and military power

The ethnic conflicts between Germanic and Slavic peoples.

The existence of secret alliances.

WOODROW WILSON

“making the world safe for democracy” Self Determination

Democracies were peace & loving 1st World War would not have happened if they played the role in decision making;

1. Germany 2. Austro-Hungary

3. Ottoman Turkey

Many leaders enshrined DEMOCRACY as TOUCH STONE of a good government, but DEMOCRACY would soon encounter seriousChallenges by TOTALIRIAN DICTATORSHIP.

TOTALITARIAN DICTATORSHIP.

GERMANY ITALY SOVIET UNION

TOTALITARIAN GOVERNMENT

A severe form of authoritarianism and is fairly rare, with the chief examples being Nazi Germany and

the Communist Soviet Union.

1. IDEOLOGY OF UNQUESTIONED TRUTH

2. SINGLE POLITICAL PARTY TO IMPLEMENT AND PROTECT IDEOLOGY

3. A SECRET POLICE THAT USES TERROR

4. CENTRALIZED OPERATION OF THE ECONOMY

5. STATE-OWNED MASS MEDIA

6. AND THE USE

SIX CLASSIC CHARACTERISTIC OF TOTALITARIANISM

By 1930s Germany wanted an empire based on the

Eureopena Continent. Italy desired an empire in East Africa. The Soviet Union held ambitions for the

Baltic Republics and Poland. Japan’s ambition was to conquer much of

Asia and the Pacific regions.

3 Powerful IdeologiesDEMOCRAC

YCOMMUNIS

M

FASCISM

DEMOCRACY

An Ideology calls for a population to select its governmentand hold that government accountable to the people

through elections.

Individual Liberty Equality Rule of Law

Democracy stressed the value of:

COMMUNISM

Enamated from the writings of Karl Marx (1818-1883),a nineteenth-century socialist. Marx though history moved

forward by economic forces involving class exploitation and conflict.

Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)He seized control of the Russian Revolution of 1917, nationalized factories, and protected the Russian state from the danger of the “capitalist encirclement” of enemy states.

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

Transformed Lenin’s venture in government into a more extreme communism by turning the Soviet Union into a totalitarian dictatorship.

FASCISM

A totalitarian structure, but its content in values is entirely different from that of communism.

Fascist worship the state and treat it as having an organic existence, a life of its own, that is greater

and more important than those who serve it.

Benito Mussolini (1883-1945)Created the prototype of the fascist state in Italy after 1922.

Fascist regimes of various hues cropped up in the 1930s in Argentina, Germany, Japan, and Spain.

Adolf Hitler’s Nazi GermanyNazism differed from fascism primarily in the Nazi emphasis on race in addition to the state.

What Italian Fascism and German Nazism shared above all was an extreme form of nationalism

SECOND WORLD WAR (1939-1945)

Began with Germany’s and Russia’s attack on Poland in 1939 and ended in 1945 with unconditional surrender of the German and Japanese.

Italy switched sides to join the Allied.

The Allies fought hard to win because fascism threatened not only the independence of many states but their way of life as well.

AFTER SECOND WORLD WAR

Western Allies brought democratic reforms to West Germany, and the United States did the same in Japan

Unfavorable treatment of Germany contributed to the outbreak of the 2nd

World War.

Soviet Union moved energetically to spread its ideological system to eastern Europe and to East Germany and to lead their own alliance in this region to counter Western Power.

COLD WAR (1947-1989)

The United States and the Soviet Union had a cool relationship long before 1917, when Lenin’s communists took control.

The Cold War were created an atmosphere of extreme tension and hostility. A move by either side caused fear and suspicion on the part of the other.

Super Power competitions:

1. ARMS RACE2. SPACE RACE3. OLYMPICS4. RECRUITMENT OF CLIEN-STATES

IN THE THIRD WORLD5. WAGING OF PROPAGANDA AND

INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS.

Scholars will argue whether great power competition or ideological differnces was the main driving force that divided the Soviet Union and the United States.

CONTAINMENT POLICY

policy focused on the nature of the Soviet intentions and what the United States should do.

NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL MEMORANDUM NO. 68

called for, first, a strong military system to counter the Soviet military system to counter the Soviet Military threat and second, the use of political, economic and psychological warfare by the West to wear down the Soviet Union.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT

In the Cold War received the top priority and put a premium on statecraft skill.

FINLANDIZING

The first step of the Soviet Union, if they are successful in this crisis, addressing all of Europe, meaning reducing Europe to a nearly disarmed, neutral status compliant with Soviet wishes.

The Cold War were pendulum like swings from high tensions to co-existence and then back again.