Post on 11-Jan-2016
transcript
The Growing Global Tobacco Epidemic and the
International Response
Ross HammondCampaign for Tobacco-Free Kids
University of Washington2 May 2007
1. Tobacco & Globalization1. Tobacco & Globalization2. Tobacco & Poverty2. Tobacco & Poverty3. The Global Toll3. The Global Toll4. The International Response4. The International Response
1. Tobacco & Globalization1. Tobacco & Globalization
Free Trade & Financial Liberalization have greatly increased profit opportunities for Big Tobacco
Global Communications/Marketing has helped them take advantage of these opportunities
Coordinated Lobbying has ensured (so far) that their profits are protected
“Tobacco exports should be expanded aggressively, because Americans are smoking less.”
-- U.S. Vice-President Dan Quayle, 1990
Global Expansion Fuelled By:Global Expansion Fuelled By:
opening up of formerly closed economies (FSU, E. Europe, China)
pressure to liberalize investment laws and privatize state-owned industries
pressure to embrace “free trade” (as defined by the West) & expansion of free trade areas in Asia & L. America
Complete Transformation of Complete Transformation of the Global Tobacco Industry in the Global Tobacco Industry in
the Last 25 yearsthe Last 25 yearsPrivatization of state-owned
tobacco monopoliesJoint-venture agreementsConsolidation/mergersBetween 1991-2001, over 140
mergers and acquisitions
Global ExpansionGlobal ExpansionIn 2002, Philip Morris, BAT and Japan
Tobacco operated in over 50 countries each and had combined tobacco sales of over $121 billion, a sum greater than the combined GDPs of: Albania, Bahrain, Belize, Bolivia, Botswana,
Cambodia, Cameroon, Estonia, Georgia, Ghana, Honduras, Jamaica, Jordan, Macedonia, Malawi, Malta, Moldova, Mongolia, Namibia, Nepal, Paraguay, Senegal, Tajikistan, Togo, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Philip Morris
US$ billions
Czech Rep
Kenya
Senegal
Sri LankaCosta Rica
Hungary
Source: Philip Morris, World Bank
Philip Morris Tobacco RevenuePhilip Morris Tobacco Revenue& Select Country GDPs (2000)& Select Country GDPs (2000)
“We are still in the foothills when it comes to exploring the full opportunities of many of our new markets.”
-- Geoffrey Bible, Philip Morris CEO, 1996
US Government Has US Government Has Promoted Tobacco OverseasPromoted Tobacco Overseas
1980s: Threat of trade sanctions to pry open Japan, Thailand, S. Korea & Thailand. In S. Korea led to 10% increase in prevalence.
1999: US-China treaty for PNTR included provision requiring China to slash tariffs on imported cigarettes
2001: Pressure on S. Korea not to raise tobacco tariffs
“Philip Morris strongly supports NAFTA and also supports the Uruguay Round process….We are well positioned to take advantage of the new opportunities that the removal of trade barriers will offer us. I see both the NAFTA and the Uruguay Round as real “winners” as far as Philip Morris is concerned.”
-- Internal Philip Morris document, 1994
Global Communications & Global Communications & MarketingMarketing
Traffic Lights in Bucharest, Romania
“This is a market with tremendous potential. The rate of population growth is 2.2. percent each year, and 40 percent of the population is under 18.”
-- Philip Morris Turkey, 1997
Thailand
“Give me an amerika”Czech slang for a good cigarette
Global Lobbying EffortGlobal Lobbying Effort
In every region of the world:http://www.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/docsbiblio.html
““Tobacco use is unlike other Tobacco use is unlike other threats to global health. Infectious threats to global health. Infectious diseases do not employ diseases do not employ multinational public relations multinational public relations firms. There are no front groups to firms. There are no front groups to promote the spread of cholera. promote the spread of cholera. Mosquitoes have no lobbyistsMosquitoes have no lobbyists.”.”
-- WHO Zeltner Report, 2000
“We must try to stop the development towards a Third World commitment against tobacco. We must try to get all or at least a substantial part of Third World countries committed to our cause….We must try to mitigate the impact to WHO by pushing them into a more objective and neutral position.”
-- BAT internal document, 1979
2. Tobacco & Poverty2. Tobacco & Poverty
How Tobacco Impoverishes How Tobacco Impoverishes IndividualsIndividuals
Money spent on tobacco cannot be spent on food, health care or education.
In Bangladesh, over 10.5 million malnourished people could have an adequate diet if money spent on tobacco was instead spent on food.
Child LaborChild Labor
Use of child labor in tobacco growing and manufacturing widespread.
These children miss out on educational opportunities that could help lift them out of poverty.
How Tobacco Impoverishes How Tobacco Impoverishes FamiliesFamilies
Smokers are at much higher risk of falling ill and dying prematurely. If the main breadwinner becomes ill from tobacco, the family loses that person’s income AND has to bear the additional health care costs.
Tobacco Farming Can Lead to Tobacco Farming Can Lead to Indebtedness & Ill HealthIndebtedness & Ill Health
Extremely labor-intensiveRequires expensive inputs
(fertilizers, pesticides, etc.)Pesticide and nicotine poisoning
common.
Tobacco Growing: Who Tobacco Growing: Who Profits?Profits?
Limited # of purchasers for tobacco. Farmers dependent on the companies to grade tobacco (and thus set price).
A tobacco farmer in Brazil would need to work for 6 years to earn what BAT's Director earns in a single day. It would take him 2,140 years to earn the Director’s annual salary.
How Tobacco Impoverishes How Tobacco Impoverishes CountriesCountries
Environmental DamageIncreased Health Care CostsLost productivity due to illness and
premature death Foreign exchange losses
Environmental DamageEnvironmental Damage
Wood used to cure tobacco in many countries. Each year an est. 494,000 acres of forest is cut down (equiv. to ¾ the size of Olympic Natl. Park)
Tobacco leeches nutrients from the soil, requiring more fertilizer use. Runoff from fields pollutes watersheds vital for drinking water.
Environmental Damage Has Environmental Damage Has Economic CostsEconomic Costs
All of this environmental damage has an economic cost, though not currently captured in official statistics.
Increased Health Care CostsIncreased Health Care CostsIn high income countries, annual tobacco-
attributable health care costs est. at between 6% and 15% of total health care costs (very few estimates for low income countries).
In China, direct and indirect tobacco-attributable health care costs est. at $6.5 billion per year in mid-’90s.
Lost ProductivityLost Productivity
If current trends persist, about 500 million people alive today will eventually be killed by tobacco, half of them in productive middle age, each losing 20 to 25 years of life.
Foreign Exchange LossesForeign Exchange Losses
Most countries import more tobacco leaf, tobacco products and tobacco-related machinery than they export.
Most tobacco profits repatriated to the home countries of the multinationals.
Tobacco’s Economic Tobacco’s Economic Importance ExaggeratedImportance Exaggerated
Despite industry claims, few countries benefit from tobacco. Only 5 derive more than 5% of export earnings from tobacco
Tobacco represents small % of the labor
force. In Brazil (world’s largest tobacco exporter), tobacco accounts for less than 2% of the ag. labor force.
3. The Global Toll3. The Global Toll
Global Causes of Death
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Deaths in Millions
Tobacco LowerRespiratory
Infections*
DiarrhealDiseases*
PerinatalConditions*
Tuberculosis AIDS
* WHO World Health Report 2002
The Coming Epidemic
1.1
1.64
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
billions of smokers
2000 2025
Rise in Smokers Worldwide
Currently: 4.9 million people die per
year 13,400 people per day 560 people every hour
By 2030: 10 million people a year
will die from tobacco use 70% of those deaths will
occur in developing countries
Global DeathsGlobal Deaths
4.9
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2000 2030
millions of deaths
Developed CountriesDeveloping Countries
4. The International Response4. The International Response
FCTCCivil SocietyDonor Community
Framework Convention on Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC)Tobacco Control (FCTC)
1st international public health treatyObjective: to protect present and future
generations from the devastating health, social, environmental and economic consequences of tobacco consumption and exposure to tobacco smoke ...
FCTCFCTCPreamble38 Articles168 Countries Have Signed146 Have Ratified (not the U.S.)
Find the full text at www.fctc.org
FCTC: Key ProvisionsFCTC: Key Provisions ` `
Enact comprehensive bans on tobacco Enact comprehensive bans on tobacco advertising, promotion & sponsorship within advertising, promotion & sponsorship within
5 years of ratification (some exceptions)5 years of ratification (some exceptions)
Pakistan
Japan
Thailand
Place rotating health warnings on packs Place rotating health warnings on packs that cover 30% or more of the package that cover 30% or more of the package and can include pictures or pictogramsand can include pictures or pictograms
Ban the use of misleading and Ban the use of misleading and deceptive terms such as "light" and deceptive terms such as "light" and
"mild""mild"
Protect citizens from exposure to Protect citizens from exposure to tobacco smoke in workplaces, public tobacco smoke in workplaces, public transport and indoor public placestransport and indoor public places
Other Key ProvisionsOther Key Provisions Encourage tobacco tax increases Establish & finance ntl. coordinating body Include cessation services in ntl. health progs Prohibit free distribution of tobacco Promote NGO participation Prohibit sales to minors No reservations allowed
Framework Convention Framework Convention Alliance (FCA)Alliance (FCA)
Diverse alliance of over 250 NGOS from more than 90 countries working to support FCTC ratification and implementation
WWW.FCTC.ORG
“The participation of civil society is
essential in achieving the
objective of the Convention and its protocols.”
STAGED EVENTS DURING STAGED EVENTS DURING FCTC MEETINGSFCTC MEETINGS
Issued Daily Report CardIssued Daily Report Card
Challenges for Civil SocietyChallenges for Civil Society
Keep momentum going and maintain sense of urgency
Hold governments accountable for FCTC commitments
Work on guidelines and protocols to FCTC
ENCOURAGE COUNTRY-ENCOURAGE COUNTRY-LEVEL ADVOCACYLEVEL ADVOCACY
CLOCK IS TICKINGCLOCK IS TICKING
February 27, 2008- 40 original ratifying countries must have health warnings on packages
February 27, 2010- 40 original ratifying countries must have ad ban in place
MONITOR COUNTRY MONITOR COUNTRY COMPLIANCECOMPLIANCE
Global Voices for A Global Voices for A Smokefree World Smokefree World Campaign Campaign
Reach out to governments to secure support for strong Article 8 guidelines.
Meet with Health Ministers in target countries. Conduct a media campaign around smokefree
air and the Article 8 guidelines.
www.globalsmokefreepartnership.org
Donor CommunityDonor Community
Bloomberg Open Society Institute (Soros) NIH American Cancer Society IDRC/Research for Intn’l Tobacco Control Cancer Research Campaign Bilaterals (Sweden IDA, Canada IDA, etc.) Others? (Gates Foundation)
Bloomberg GranteesBloomberg Grantees
Campaign for Tobacco Free KidsCDC FoundationFramework Convention AllianceJohns Hopkins School of Public HealthWorld Health OrganizationWorld Lung Foundation/IUATLD
Focus on fifteen cFocus on fifteen countriesountries with the with the greatest number of tobacco usersgreatest number of tobacco users
China
India
Indonesia
Russia
Bangladesh
BrazilMexicoTurkeyPakistanEgypt
UkrainePhilippinesThailandVietnamPoland
Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids’ Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids’ Role in Bloomberg InitiativeRole in Bloomberg Initiative
To support advocacy efforts in the following ways:
Strategic Planning/Campaign Support
Research
Media/Communications
International Legal Consortium
Advocacy Grant Fund
MORE INFORMATION:
www.fctc.org
www.tobaccofreekids.org
Yach, Wipfli, Hammond & Glantz, “Globalization and Tobacco” in Ichiro Kawachi & Sarah Wamala eds., Globalization and Health, London: Oxford University Press (2006).