The Integumentary System ages/anatomy/skin.jpg.

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The Integumentary System

http://www.sanparks.org/parks/kruger/elephants/images/anatomy/skin.jpg

The Integumentary SystemWhat purpose(s) does this system serve?

*Preventing septicemia…

*Preventing tetanic paralysis…

*Preventing cancer…http://thebeautybrains.com/wp-content/

uploads/2007/06/wrinkles-beach.jpg

15% of adult human body weight

*Preventing dehydration…

*Preventing heat stroke and hypothermia…

*Preventing failure to thrive…

*Preventing lonely Friday nights…

*Preventing gustatory delights…

*Preventing ataxis…

http://www.ryanphotographic.com/imagesFROG%20005A%20Blue%20dart%20frog.jpg

Where does the skin come from?

The DermisComprised of Connective tissue…

Fibroblasts and Fibers

What are the most abundant fibers?

How are they arranged?

http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/DermatologyGlossary/dermis.html

What are plies, warps and weaves?

The DermisConnective tissue layer… Bony and otherwise:

Dermis of vertebrates has a predisposition to form ______.

_______ salts deposited on/around ______________ of the dermis (dermal in origin)

Generally consists of …

Examples of tetrapods with dermal bone?!? http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/anatomical_images/

family_pages/xenarthra/armadillo_shell.jpg

The DermisDermal pigments:

Most organisms have pigmented integument

Responsible cells found in epidermis and dermis

Pigment bearing cells/structures categorized based on color…_____________ (melanin), _____________ (xanthin), _____________ (erythrin), _____________ (guanine)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GRSbC6HAgNE

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lBc-6aj0RJk&NR=1

Chromatophores can regulate ____________ of pigments altering color

http://biodidac.bio.uottawa.ca/Thumbnails/filedet.htm?File_name=19-3&File_type=GIF

So how do you explain this?

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The EpidermisGeneral features of the epidermis:

* Comprised of …

* ____________ layer between environment and other tissues.

* 2 types non-living coatings…

* Glandular…

____________ in aquatics

____________ in terrestrials

The EpidermisEpidermis of aquatic organisms:

Fishes… Most glands single celled (____________and _____________).

Some multicellular glands (hagfish and lungfish)

Can be protective (______________)

Aquatic amphibians…Mostly ________________ (mucous and granular)

Land going amphibians have …

Can make ______________ for adhesion

Mucous glands can _____________ to form ______ ___________

Some deep sea teleosts have _______________

Epidermal origin “housed” in the dermis

-________________(lens cells)

-________________ (light cells)

-_______________ (pigment cells)

-__________ acting on ________

Most lack substantial amounts of…

Cornified structures include:

-“______” of lamprey and hagfish

-__________________ of land-going amphibians

-“________” of tadpoles

-_______________ of digits

The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms:

Stratified layers gave rise to 2 categories of unique features…

1) Glands

2) Stratum corneum

Glands fall in 2 main categories based on shape…

Glands produce their secretions via 3 main modes…

1) Cell membrane (___________)

2) Whole cells and their contents (__________)

3) Cell fragments (___________)

Mucous glands not abundant… occur in areas with need for lubrication

Why not abundant on terrestrial animals?

What other skin structures would interfere?

What areas need lubrication?

_________________ found mainly in terrestrial amphibians and reptiles

Can produce __________ and some _____________

Concentrations of “noxious” granular glands found on “warts” and _______________of toads

Lizards have…

Musk or _____________ in turtles and snakes

The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms (birds):

Few integumentary glands in birds… however, avian oil glands

___________ gland at rump, large in aquatic birds and some domestic birds

Oil glands also line…

Sometimes found around the…

The EpidermisEpidermis of terrestrial organisms (mammals):

2 major types of glands in mammals…

1) ___________ (oil glands)

2) ___________ (sweat glands)

___________ glands (saccular) usually associated with hair.

Exceptions...

Sebum secreted into hair follicle

Modified (________ glands) in ear canal to secrete cerumen

_______ glands keep conjuctiva moist (plugged = chalazion)

Sudoriferous glands (coiled tubular glands)

Evaporative cooling primary function of ________ sweat glands

Found in least hairy regions

Some mammals lack sweat glands

Humans have greatest # per cm2

___________ sweat glands involved with secondary sex characteristics

Scent glands can be sebaceous or sudoriferous

Found in varying locations…

- - - - - -

_________ glands present in both sexes and derived from a line of ectoderm called the…

This tissue invades the dermis and spreads

Distinct tissue above these glands develops (nipple)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Illu_breast_anatomy.jpg

Nipples can be multiple…

Different species… different placement

http://www.healthcentral.com/images/ency/fullsize/8659.jpg

During lactation, products accumulate in ________ (usually)

Suckling releases milk and ________ facilitates by causing smooth muscle contractions

“Let down” reflex

The EpidermisStratum corneum:

Epidermal scales found only in amniotes.

Squamates (snakes & lizards) thickened corneum except at “_______” areas

Varying forms…

Birds have epidermal scales on areas lacking feathers

What about mammals?

http://www.richard-seaman.com/USA/States/Nevada/ValleyOfFire/Sampler/HornedLizard.jpg

Thick skin

Stratum corneum:

The Epidermis

The EpidermisClaws, hoofs and nails:

Claws appeared in basal amniotes

Tigers have claws… are they homologous to those of Idaho Giant Salamanders?

The EpidermisClaws, hoofs and nails:

Claws, nails and hooves homologous

Similar structure…

Birds can have claws on wings too

Are claws shed or worn down?

http://www.science-art.com/gallery/170/170_8212006165155.jpg

http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/integument.f04/nail.jpg

The EpidermisFeathers:

3 basic types…

Feathers comprised of a quill (calamus), shaft and vanes. Parallel extensions from the shaft barbs are crosslinked with barbules (hooklets and flanges) http://www.explorebiodiversity.com/BIRDS/Adaptations/pics/featherstypes.jpg

The EpidermisFeather development:

_______________ induces overlying ___________ to divide mitotically… resulting bump is called…

Why is presence of papillary vasculature important?

Tall columns form a ____________and push toward tip, becoming barbs

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=1712&rendTypeId=4

The EpidermisFeather development:

When the barbs are still in protective feather sheath it is called a …

At feather maturity… bulk of _________ dies back

________ tissue retracts and then starts over again

Developing feathers push old feathers out

____________

http://climate.uvic.ca/people/ewiebe/eggs/09_may_1.jpg

http://www.catsandcritters.com/newsletter.php

The EpidermisFeather origins:

One hypothesis is that they are derived from _____________… Sinosauropteryx

Early development of ____________ is similar but remaining scenario is not

Some propose they are novel structures

http://www.prehistoria.piwko.pl/Obrazki/sinosauropteryx2.jpg

http://www.gavinrymill.com/dinosaurs/feathers/sinosauropteryx2.jpg

Copy of Science News article on pigments… ?!?!

The EpidermisHair:

Functions of hair…

______________ (underfur and guard hairs)

Sensory (_________)

___________ (spines and quills)

http://www.brownlog.dreamhost.com/scrapbook/1998_09_tacoma/zoo_walrus.jpg

The EpidermisHair morphology:

Similar to feathers in that there is a …

___________has _________________ with much …

__________ is portion under the dermis where cells are dying

__________ is portion of hair that is separate from follicle wall

http://www.haircolorpros.com/images/science_hair1.gif

The EpidermisHair morphology:

Thin outer covering is the ____________

Underlying zone called ____________

Inner pith is the ________

Smooth muscle associated with the follicle and originating in the dermis is the _______________

http://www.asylumresearch.com/Gallery/FeaturedScience/Hair!.jpg

The EpidermisHorns:

http://www.skullsunlimited.com/graphics/pronghorn_skull.jpg

http://www.oucom.ohiou.edu/dbms-witmer/images/Rhino_horn_UV_large.jpg

http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/resources/phil_myers/horns_antlers/giraffe.jpg/thumbnail.jpg

The EpidermisBaleen and miscellaneous:

*Toothless whales (___________) rely on baleen to filter fish and/or crustaceans (krill)

*Rattlesnake rattles

*Beaks and combs

*Ischial callosities

*Knee pads

*Tori & apical pads

http://www.coreresearch.org/images/baleen2.jpg

http://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/images/gelada_baboon_showing_ischial_callosities.jpghttp://courses.washington.edu/vertebra/452/

photos/diapsids/rattlesnake_rattle.jpg

http://www.peteducation.com/images/articles/tfh_crusty_footpads.jpg

Integuments by TaxaAgnathans:

Epidermis… stratified, unicellular glands, mitotically active throughout

Dermis… thinner than epidermis but dense/tough

http://wupcenter.mtu.edu/education/Ecology_of_the_Great_Lakes_03/13lamprey_hickey.jpg

Integuments by TaxaCartilaginous fishes:

Epidermis… stratified, _____________ show up

Dermis… ___________ and melanophores

http://www.gla.ac.uk/centres/marinestation/research/bask-shark/shark_gape_450.jpg

Integuments by TaxaBony fishes:

Epidermis… many mucous glands

Dermis… dermal

Integuments by TaxaAmphibians:

Epidermis… stratified, _____________ glands (mucous and granular)

Dermis… attached to ____________ in some, loose in others, presence of ________________

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/149/415329423_cd21aeb1cb_o.jpg

Integuments by TaxaNon-avian reptiles:

Epidermis… stratified, thick stratum corneum (______)

Dermis… tough, some with _______________

Integuments by TaxaBirds:

Epidermis… thin, lacks glands (except uropygial), modified epidermal layers to form feathers (scales)

Dermis… thin, ______________ muscles

Integuments by TaxaMammals:

Epidermis… Distinct strata, variety of ________, _______

Dermis…

The Integumentary System ages/anatomy/skin.jpg.

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