Review of last lesson Reaction time is…………………. Response time is…………………. Movement time is……………….. Relationship between the above 3

is……. Hick’s Law is……………… Simple reaction time is……………. Choice reaction time is…………. PRP is………………………………..

Exam QuestionIn sprint swimming races, swimmers need a quick and efficient start. Figure 1 shows a swimmer performing a racing start.

Figure 1 Position A Position B

Figure 2 shows the various stages that occur before, during and at the end of the racing start.

(i) Explain the terms movement time and response time, giving examples of each in relation to the performance of the racing start. (4 marks)(ii) What can the swimmer do to improve their response time?(3marks)(iii) Is the racing start an example of simple reaction time or choice reaction time? Justify your answer. (2 marks)

Warning Signal

Gun/Go signal

Initiation of response

Termination of response

The Learning Process

Learning Objectives Explain why 4 Learning curve shapes

occur and state 4 strategies to ensure learning continues

Name and explain Social Learning theorists’ theory on how we learn

State the three stages of learning and illustrate these with sporting examples

Give examples of how feedback and guidance changes at the different stages

Question……… Define skill and ability State the link between them

Define Learning and performance State the link between them

Learning Is the more or permanent change in

behaviour that is reflected in a change of performance (Knapp)

Performance Is a demonstration of the solving of a

problem or task at a given moment in time i.e. it is a temporary phenomenon.

So…………….. What is the link between learning and

performance?

As it takes place we usually see gradual improvement in performance

Learning CurvesWhy do these different shapes occur?

Exam questions…..

Answer…………..

Answer……

Social Observation Learning TheoryObservation Learning and demonstration

Modelling!

Status of the

demonstrator

Perceived importance of the task

Observation of Demonstration

Attention

Retention

Motor Reproduction

Motivation

Actual modelled performance is

produced

Observational Cues

Reinforcers Reinforcers strengthen the S-R bond and increase the probability of the

response occurring again, ensuring that correct action are repeated therefore future behaviour is shaped

Positive reinforcement given for a correct response to ensure that action is repeated e.g. praise, reward

Positive-giving a stimulus to strengthen the S-R bond e.g. success, praise, rewards

Negative reinforcements are: a positive stimulus that is withdrawn when the performance is not good

or a negative stimulus that is withdrawn when the correct performance is

shown In other words: Eg: Coach does not give praise when performance is not good enough or A coach who is constantly shouting at the team does not shout if things are

going well

Stages of Learning (Fitts & Posner)1. Cognitive Stage (Beginner) 

2. Associative Stage (Reasonably Proficient)

3. Autonomous Stage (Expert)

Exam question…… (b) Explain why knowledge of the stages

of learning is beneficial when a teacher or coach is providing guidance to a young sportsperson. Provide examples where appropriate. [6]

Guidance Information given to the learner/performer to

help limit mistakes, ensuring correct movement patterns occur

 Depends on: Learner, stage of learning (beginner or

expert, cognitive or autonomous phase of learning), past experience, motivation, ability

Nature of the Skill or Task Situation or Environment

Feedback v guidanceFeedback is what the performer did.

Guidance is how the performer can improve. 

Three main TYPES OF GUIDANCE

Visual, Verbal, Physical

A combination of all 3 usually works best

Guidance

Visual Guidance Used at all phases of learning but especially

with beginners in the cognitive phase To see simply and quickly what is expected,

making a framework/model, (link to social learning/role models)

To "see" skills/concepts/tactics more clearly, finer points, cues, selective attention

Teacher can modify the display, bigger goals, balls and bats, coloured balls, cones, static/less/more opposition etc.

Verbal Guidance Often used with visual to explain what is being shown

General – talk through tactics to give general picture Specific - skills   Verbal labelling - link of visual image to verbal cues (Swimming – Pull- Kick - Push in breast stroke)  Verbal instructions should be clear, precise, short, appropriate to

performers ability/experience, alter volume and pitch of the voice

Avoid overloading by giving only 1 or 2 points at a time Reduce guidance over time so that learners get used to thinking for

themselves and don't become over reliant on the coach/teacher

Physical Guidance Useful for kinaesthesis – learning and knowing what it feels like to perform set

routines and put the body through set positions – The Feel of an action.,

Manual - hands on e.g. coach moves your arms into the correct position for serving in tennis

 Mechanical - machinery e.g. ropes, floats, harness golf practice machines

This can be used to Reduce errors by: physically moving - forced response restricting/supporting - physical restriction

Particularly useful for safety and avoiding tiredness Safety e.g. support from trampoline coach, rock climbing-ropes, swimming-floats

and armbands, vault-helped over by coach, weight training machines Tiredness e.g. pommel horse-rope and bucket in order to "feel" body in the

correct position

 Remove over time so that the performer can work on their own. If overused the performer can become too reliant on the mechanical assistance or lose motivation if they are a passive learner.

Exam question…… (b) Explain why knowledge of the stages

of learning is beneficial when a teacher or coach is providing guidance to a young sportsperson. Provide examples where appropriate. [6]

Levelled Question 1-2 marks the candidate has an understanding of the stages of

learning and provide appropriate forms of guidance for at least two of the stages. There are few examples of guidance appropriate to the stage of learning.

3-4 marks the candidate has a good understanding of the characteristics within the stages of learning. Good knowledge and understanding is apparent with a link to appropriate forms of guidance relevant to the stage of learning. There is good use of examples of guidance appropriate to the stage of learning.

5-6 marks the candidate has a very good understanding of the characteristics within the stages of learning. Very good knowledge and understanding is apparent with a link to appropriate forms of guidance relevant to the stage of learning. The candidate always reinforces the guidance used by providing appropriate examples.

The mark scheme….. Characteristics of a performer in the cognitive stage of learning

Not always understanding new information Difficulty in processing large amount of information Difficulty deciding what to pay attention to Errors are made which performer is unable to correct

Cognitive phase, guidance is characterised by Manual in nature to get performer used to the kinaesthesia of the

movement Verbal repetition in terms of reinforcing on key points Verbal identification of key cues Constant visual demonstration of tasks essential Modelling of good practice key to performers understanding Coach may be more motivational/pep talks/verbal persuasion Removal of critical comments/shouting from coach/equiv e.g. Punishment is not applicable because it weakens response

Part 2…… Associative stage of learning of learning characteristics will have many

aspects that have progressed/developed form the cognitive phase but are not developed enough to be classified as autonomous. The type of guidance provided by a teacher or coach will reflect this.

Characteristics of a performer in the autonomous stage of learning Performs complex skills with ease/correct technique/confidence Has plenty of time/efficient/consistent Can pick up early signals/use of selective attention – good reaction time Can concentrate on other aspects other that technique i.e. tactics Can detect and correct errors Few errors in performance Use of intrinsic feedback

Autonomous phase guidance characterised by Verbal guidance concentrates on style and form and finer points Subtle technical cues are often given Visual guidance through video analysis Visual guidance through biomechanical analysis Far more emphasis on tactics