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Chapter 28 & 29
The Kennedy Presidency 1960-1963Personified self-
confident liberalBelieved activist state
could improve life at home and confront the communist challenged abroad
From a wealthy, political family
Served in WWII, NavyServed in Congress,
Senate 1958Believed in “The New
Frontier”
1960 ElectionTelevised debates
Downfall of Nixon Pale and haggard vs. the
tanned and dynamic JFK
ElectionClosest since 1884Only separated by
120,000 votesInauguration
“New Frontier”Surrounded himself
with intellectuals
JFKBenefitted from
recessionVP Southern Protestant
Lyndon B. JohnsonReligion an issue
NixonBetter knownMore experienceMiddle road RepublicanEisenhower’s VP
Kennedy’s Domestic RecordLittle significant social
legislationNew liberalism held back by
CongressEconomic growth key to
liberal agendaAccomplishments
Increased nuclear stockpileIncreased defense budgetEstablished Green Berets“race to moon”Federal aid to educationMedical care to elderlyUrban renewalClean Air Act 1963
Civil RightsLot of rhetoric = little actionFocus on foreign affairs,
then economyStraddled race issue
Balanced unprecedented # of African-Americans to federal jobs with appointment of racist judges
Kennedy “forced” to enforce desegregation of buses only after “Freedom Ride” of 1961
“forced” again to deal with issue after Birmingham embarrassment June 1963
WomenEstablished Presidential
Commission of status of Women
Kennedy’s Foreign PolicyCold War Activism
Launched a major buildup with military arsenal
Foreign policy top priority Congressional for liberal
programs of economic assistance for third world
1961 Peace Corps Missionaries of Democracy
Laos Created by Geneva agreement
1954 Civil war b/w US forces and
Laos rebels Compromise in July 1962
Restored neutralist government Cuba
Spring 1961: Bay of Pigs 1st major foreign policy 1500 exiles stormed Cuba DISASTER JFK takes blame
Brink of Cold War Oct. 1962 Aerial photographs of missile
bases in Cuba Kennedy’s Response
Remove missiles “quarantine” Cuba
Naval blockade Tense movements
180 US ships in Caribbean “I think the other fellow just
blinked” Missiles out if US doesn’t invade
Cuba Darkest Hour
Russia changes and adds Turkey US spy plane shot down over Cuba
Compromise October 27, 1962 Original offer accepted “Hot-line” established
Signaled “détente” New phase in Cold War
The Thousand Day Presidency JFK Assassination
Nov. 22, 1963 Dallas, TX
Legacy New Frontier, Liberalism
“held back” by Congress Barely existed for environment,
women, or slowing business Mixed International Record
Signed 1st nuclear-test-ban treaty, yet initiated build up
Compromised on Laos, but deepened Vietnam involvement
Increased power of executive branch Publicly
Fired imagination of Americans Gave liberals new hope Challenged young Stimulated social and political
activism Consequences
Assassination shattered illusions Increasing # of Americans to
lose confidence in government
Liberalism Ascendant, 1963-1968Lyndon B. Johnson
Substantial political assets Served in Washington
since 1932 Lots of political experience
Determined to prove himself
LBJ’s LiberalismTax Cut
$10 billion tax reduction Surge in capital
investment and personal consumption
Shrank the budget deficitCivil Rights
Memorial to JFK
“The Other America”Economic Opportunity
Act 1964 War on Poverty
Job Corps Domestic peace corps
VISTA Volunteers in Service to
America Project Head Start Community Action
Program
Vision of a “Great Society” Horrified conservatives Will lead into Election of
1964
1964 ElectionRepublicans
Barry Goldwater Product of 20th century
West Outsider of Washington Anticommunist Proponent of individual
freedomPlatform
Opposed big government Deficit spending Racial liberalism Social welfare Opposed liberalism Wanted to use Nucs with
Cuba and VietnamSupport
Southern segregationists Blue-collar workers in
Northern cities
LBJVP: Hubert HumphreyDepicted Goldwater as an
extremistElection
43 million votes to 27 million
Landslide victoryConsequences
Goldwater launches modern Republican conservative movement GOP became conservative,
Southern and Western party
Mobilized support for future leaders like Ronald Reagan
New “Southern Strategy”
Triumphant Liberalism89th Congress
“Congress of fulfillment”Enlarged war on povertyMilestone Civil RightsEnacted Medicare and
MedicaidFunds for public education,
housing, redevelopment of Appalachia, and revitalizing inner-city neighborhoods
Created new departments Transportation Housing Endowment for Humanities
New immigration law Abolishes Nat’l Origin Act 1924
Environment 1964 Nat’l Wilderness
Preservation ActSafety standards
Highway Safety Act
ResultsImproved lives of millionsPoor down from 22% to
13% by 1969IMR down by 1/3Head start reaches 2
million childrenAfrican-American poverty
down from 40%-20%Critics
MLK Jr. “War on Poverty shot down
over the battlefields of Vietnam”
22% more spent on War than poverty
Election 1956 Democrats lost 47 seats in
House Sealed Liberalism’s fate
Civil Rights Act 1964Most significant C.R.
legislation in US historyWhat it does:
Banned racial discrimination and segregation
Outlawed bias in federally funded programs
Created EEOCWhat it doesn’t:
Address voting rights CORE, SNCC
Campaign to register African-Americans
“Freedom Summer” 1964 Voting Rights Bill passed
August 1964 Only after George Wallace
violence “we shall overcome”
Riots and Black PowerCivil rights movement did
not revolutionize race relationsAugust 11, 1965
Watts, LA 6 days 34 dead, 900 injured 4000 arrested Looting, fire-bombing white
shopsSummer 1966
Riots in Northern ghettoes Response to brutal police
Summer 1967 150 racial skirmishes, 40 riots Most intensive and destructive
period in US history1964-1968
200 dead, 7000 injured 40.000 arrested $500 million in damage
Rise of new leaders“too little, too late”1966 “Black Power”
Malcolm X “wake up, clean up, and stand
up” Be proud of blackness, roots Critical of MLK Jr. “If ballots won’t work, bullets
will” Assassinated Feb. 1965
Cassius Clay Converted to Islam 1964 Muhammad Ali Draft evasion
Black Panthers Founded Oakland, Cali 1966 Huey Newton, Bobby Seale “strike at night, spare no one” Significant influence
Black studies at colleges Community groups Black voters, candidates Encourage black pride
Warren Court of the 1960’sSupported and promoted
liberal agendaActed to expand
individual rights to a greater extent
Johnson appoints 1st African-American justice: Thurgood Marshall
Major rulings: Prohibiting bible and prayer in
school Limiting local power to censor
books and films Overturned state ban on
contraceptives One person, one vote Rights of the accused
Criticism:Miranda v. Arizona 1966
Voices of ProtestNative American Protest
1961 67 tribes created Declaration of
Purposes Criticized termination policies Lobbied for inclusion with war on
poverty Johnson established National
Council on Indian Opportunity 1965
1968 “Red Power”
Younger movement American Indian Movement
Most militant Goal to protect way of life
Hispanic-American Fastest-growing minority
Impatient Cesar Chavez 1965
“La Causa” Chicano/Chicana movement
Boycotts to demand bilingual classes, more Latino teachers
Spread to other minorities
2nd Feminist Wave Urged 1964 Civil Rights Act to
include gender discrimination too
1966 NOW (Nat’l Org. of Women) Betty Freidan, Aileen Hernandez Sought liberal change “Feminine Mystique” 1963
Women wanted careers, identity Anti-Vietnam
Mary King, Casey Hayden 1965 Starts Women’s Liberation
MovementWomen’s Liberation
Groups spread across nation Generated publicity
Miss American “sheep” 1968 Boston Marathon “The Pill” 1960
Worked for Daycare centers, rape crisis, abortion
counseling Rejected notion of women as passive
August 1970 Largest women’s rights movement
Escalation of War1963
Before JFK’s death, authorized overthrow of Diem in S. Vietnam Increased US forces to 16,000
Johnson’s decision Torn, widened limited war Ordered air strikes Feb. 1964 Authorized escalation
Gulf of Tonkin Aug. 1964 US “victims” of open
aggression on the high seas Condemned attacks, ordered
more air strikes Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Operation “Rolling Thunder” 1965 Bombing, air war 1965-1968 = 800 tons of
bombs dropped a DAY Committed more troops
“meat-grinder” strategyDoves vs. Hawks
Opposition to war started at colleges March 1965 Univ. of Michigan 1966 large-scale protests
Intellectuals, clergy joined Bobbie Kennedy, Dr. Benjamin
Spock, MLK Jr. War’s toll on the poor
College deferments benefitted wealth
TV coverage Eroded support Many left undecided though
A Time of UpheavalYouth Movement
Starts with JFKMore than ½ population
of 1960’s under 30 years old
Conflict between baby boomers and youth
A “New” LeftInsurgent majority of
liberal arts majors Welcomed idealism of civil-
rights movement Determined not to be
“silent” Port Huron Statement 1962
SDS: Students for a Democratic Society Wanted non-violent
movement Turn US into a
participatory democracy
Protest to ResistanceMario Savio
Home from Freedom Summer Univ. of Cali-Berkley
Banned political activity Started Berkley Free Speech
Movement (FSM) Spread across country New demands
Smaller classes, more minorities
Vietnam influence “Make Love, Not War” SDS, Vietnam Vets. Against
the War 40,000 students, 100
campusesCollege Massacres
Kent State- April 30, 1970Jackson State- May 14,
1970
Counter-Culture Hippies and Drugs
Marijuana 60% of college students tried No real “evidence” against it
LSD Timothy Leary, Ken Kesey
Films “Hair” 1967 “Alice’s Restaurant” 1969
Music Jim Morrison “the Doors” Jefferson Airplane
Revolt Surplus military clothing Torn jeans, tie-dyed shirts
Music Revolution 1960’s College Folk
Bob Dylan Beatlemania Woodstock 1969 End of the movement
NY, San Fran Charles Manson Stones concert at Almont Raceway 1970 Beatles disbanded
Sexual Revolution “if it feels good, do it” “the pill” debate
1970 1/3 fetuses aborted Roe v. Wade (1973)
Publications Playboy Gore Vidal’s “Myra Breckenridge”
1969 Films
“Easy Rider” “Midnight Cowboy”
Divorce rate increased Cohabitation increased “open marriages”
Gay Liberation Public June 1969
Raid on a gay bar in NY “gay pride” Supported mainly in cities Change stigmas
American Psychiatric Association Not a “mental disorder”
1975 US Civil Service Commission ended ban on employment
1968: Politics of UpheavalTet Offensive in Vietnam
Jan 1968 Dem. Eugene McCarthy
Jan 31, 1968 N. Vietnamese attack 100+
villages and US embassyMedia Reaction
LBJ loss of supportShaken President
McCarthy gaining steamRobert Kennedy joins race
Supported by working-class ethnic whites, poor, and minorities
LBJ not seeking re-electionAssassinations and
TurmoilApril 4, 1968: MLK Jr.June 5, 1968: Robert
Kennedy
GOP Nominee Richard NixonPromised to end war
honorablyVoice of Americans
Anti-protests1968 Democratic
ConventionThreat of “yippies”“The whole world is
watching” Chicago police brutality
Conservative resurgenceNixon capitalized on
Chicago Only real threat Independent
George Wallace Represented the South
1968 Election ends Liberal Era
Nixon and World PoliticsVietnamization
Nixon Doctrine 1969 US role “helpful partner” not
military protector in 3rd worldVietnam a MESS
Morale, drugs, murder My Lai massacre 1968
Vietnamization More S. Vietnamese troops 1972 down to 30,000 US
troopsKissinger sent to negotiate
Nixon’s WarSecret B-52 bombings on
Cambodia Widened Indochina War
America’s longest war ends1972 “peace at hand”
Snag with demands Christmas bombing of Hanoi
Paris Accords Jan 1973 Ended hostilities Left situation unresolved
Results 58,000 dead 300,000 wounded $150 billion Psychological effects
“Put Vietnam behind us” US could care less about
IndochinaDétente
1970 “three-dimensional” game 1972- China 1972- Moscow
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
PoliticsMiddle East
6 day war 1967PLOOctober 1973
Egypt/Syria attacked Israel US sends supplies to Israel Results in oil embargo
Dramatized US reliance on foreign energy sources
Alaska drilling increasedKissinger's Shuttle
DiplomacyMiddle EastAiding anti-democratic
governments and white supremacist regimes against communism
Chile 1970 US involvement Recognizes dictator 1973
Nixon’s Domestic AgendaJuly 21, 1969
“The Eagle has landed”Apollo 11Nation’s hopes restored
AccomplishmentsWage and price controlsAffirmative action policiesVote for 18 year-oldsOSHAEPA
Despite not having a GOP majority in EITHER house of Congress
CriticsGovernment too intrusive
Family Assistance Plan 1969 Race-conscious employment
regulations
Economy$25 billion deficit in 1969
Inflation at 5% Cut gov’t spending Fed raised interest rates Resulted in recession
Different approaches Early 1971- Keynesian
approach Mid-1971- “Freeze” approach 1973- voluntary restraints
Inflation up 9%, 12% in 1974 OPEC
Law and OrderUsed full gov’t resources to
restrain militantsHuston Plan 1970
Against anti-war movement Wire-tapping “The plumbers”
Election 1972Southern Strategy
Court whites upset with racial equality Opposed extension of Voting
Rights Act Hindered Fair Housing Act Slow desegregation
Supreme court nominations More conservative Nominated Chief Justice Warren
Berger Shift to the right
Election Re-election certain
Democrats divided Wallace shot May 1972
Democratic Nominee George McGovern
CREEP Results
Nixon Wins Less people vote
Watergate Arrest of individuals caught
wire-tapping Democratic party center
Paid $400,000 to quiet before election
“Deep Throat” Bob Woodward/ Carl Bernstein
Feb. 1973 Senate investigation Firings/resignations televised
Disgrace VP Agnew charged with tax
evasion Oct. 1973 House minority leader Gerald R.
Ford becomes VP March ’74
Nixon tapes subpoenaed July unedited tapes appear Indicted on 3 articles of
Impeachment Aug 9, 1974 1st president to
resign
ConclusionPublic distrust of politicians and
disillusionment of government for decades to come