The Organ Systems Chapter 1 Monday, August 19 th.

transcript

The Organ SystemsThe Organ Systems

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Monday, August 19Monday, August 19thth

11 Organ Systems of the Body11 Organ Systems of the Body

1)1) Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System2)2) Skeletal SystemSkeletal System3)3) Muscular SystemMuscular System4)4) Lymphatic SystemLymphatic System5)5) Respiratory SystemRespiratory System6)6) Digestive SystemDigestive System7)7) Nervous SystemNervous System8)8) Endocrine SystemEndocrine System9)9) Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System10)10) Urinary SystemUrinary System11)11) Reproductive SystemReproductive System

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary System

Forms the external body coveringForms the external body covering ProtectionProtection Synthesizes Vitamin DSynthesizes Vitamin D Regulates temperatureRegulates temperature Consists of: Consists of:

skin, hair, nails and skin, hair, nails and sweat glandssweat glands

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System Protection & support of body organsProtection & support of body organs

Allows body movementsAllows body movements

Produces blood cellsProduces blood cells

Stores minerals & fatStores minerals & fat Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments, Consists of bones, cartilages, ligaments,

and joints.and joints.

Muscular SystemMuscular System

LocomotionLocomotion Maintains postureMaintains posture Produces heatProduces heat

Consists of muscles Consists of muscles attached to the attached to the skeleton by tendons.skeleton by tendons.

Nervous SystemNervous System

Regulatory system:Regulatory system:

- controls movements - controls movements

- detects sensations- detects sensations

- intellectual functions- intellectual functions

Consists of the brain, spinal Consists of the brain, spinal cord, cord, nerves, & sensory nerves, & sensory receptors.receptors.

Endocrine SystemEndocrine System

Regulatory system that controls:Regulatory system that controls:

-metabolism-metabolism

-growth -growth

-reproduction-reproduction

Consists of glands that secrete Consists of glands that secrete hormones such as the pituitary hormones such as the pituitary and adrenal glands.and adrenal glands.

Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

Transportation of nutrients, Transportation of nutrients, waste products, gases andwaste products, gases and

hormones throughout the body.hormones throughout the body. Plays a role in the immune Plays a role in the immune

systemsystem Plays a role in regulation body Plays a role in regulation body

temperaturetemperature

Consists of the heart, blood Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.vessels, and blood.

Lymphatic systemLymphatic system

Removes foreign substances from the Removes foreign substances from the blood.blood.

Combats diseasesCombats diseases Maintains tissue fluid balanceMaintains tissue fluid balance Transports fats from the digestive tractTransports fats from the digestive tract

Consists of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, Consists of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and other lymphatic organs.and other lymphatic organs.

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

Exchanges oxygen & Exchanges oxygen & COCO2 2 between the blood between the blood

and airand air Regulates blood pHRegulates blood pH

Consists of the lungs and respiratory Consists of the lungs and respiratory

passages.passages.

Digestive SystemDigestive System

DigestionDigestion Absorption of nutrientsAbsorption of nutrients Elimination of wastesElimination of wastes

Consists of the mouth, Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach,esophagus, stomach,

intestines and accessory intestines and accessory organs.organs.

Urinary SystemUrinary System

Eliminates wastes from Eliminates wastes from the bodythe body

Regulates:Regulates: Blood pHBlood pH Ion balanceIon balance Water balanceWater balance

Consists of the kidneys, urinary Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine. bladder, and ducts that carry urine.

Reproductive SystemReproductive SystemMale and FemaleMale and Female

Production of offspringProduction of offspringFemaleFemale Male Male-produces oocytes -produces sperm-produces oocytes -produces sperm-produces hormones -produces hormones-produces hormones -produces hormones-produces milk-produces milk-fetal development-fetal development Consists of ovaries, testes, vagina, penis, Consists of ovaries, testes, vagina, penis, and etc.and etc.

Intro to AnatomyIntro to Anatomy

DefinitionDefinition

Working within your groups, come up with Working within your groups, come up with a definition to the following terms:a definition to the following terms:

AnatomyAnatomy

PhysiologyPhysiology

(Yes, they ARE 2 separate things) (Yes, they ARE 2 separate things)

Anatomy Anatomy

Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting Definition - anatome = up (ana) + cutting (tome)(tome)

An investigation of the body structureAn investigation of the body structure

Describes the shape and size of bonesDescribes the shape and size of bones

Physiology Physiology

Definition – scientific investigation of the Definition – scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.processes or functions of living things. Study of systems Study of systems

Goals: understand body’s response to Goals: understand body’s response to stimuli & how the body maintains stimuli & how the body maintains homeostasishomeostasis

Levels of ComplexityLevels of Complexity

Put these in order from smallest to largest:Put these in order from smallest to largest:

TissuesTissues OrgansOrgans MoleculesMolecules Organ systemsOrgan systems CellsCells

The Levels of ComplexityThe Levels of Complexity

The relationship between anatomy and The relationship between anatomy and physiology should be viewed from various physiology should be viewed from various levelslevels

Chemical – interactions of atomsChemical – interactions of atoms

Cellular – functional unit of lifeCellular – functional unit of life

The Levels of ComplexityThe Levels of Complexity

Tissue – groups of similar cells that have a Tissue – groups of similar cells that have a common functioncommon function

Organ – a structure composed of two or more Organ – a structure composed of two or more tissue typestissue types

Organ system – a group of organs that Organ system – a group of organs that cooperate to accomplish a common purposecooperate to accomplish a common purpose

Maintaining LifeMaintaining Life

Can you list the 6 characteristics Can you list the 6 characteristics of living organisms?of living organisms?

6 Characteristics Essential to Life6 Characteristics Essential to Life

• Organization:Organization: the condition in which parts of the condition in which parts of an organism have specific relationships to an organism have specific relationships to each other & the parts interact to perform each other & the parts interact to perform specific functionsspecific functions

• Cellular organizationCellular organization

• ResponsivenessResponsiveness: an organism’s ability to : an organism’s ability to sense changes in its internal or external sense changes in its internal or external environment & adjust to those changes.environment & adjust to those changes.(Homeostasis)(Homeostasis)

6 Characteristics continued…6 Characteristics continued…

MetabolismMetabolism: all of the chemical : all of the chemical reactions taking place in an organismreactions taking place in an organism

Development: Development: the changes an the changes an organism undergoes through time; it organism undergoes through time; it begins with fertilization and ends with begins with fertilization and ends with death. death.

GrowthGrowth: happens when cells increase in : happens when cells increase in size or numbersize or number Produces an overall enlargement of all or part Produces an overall enlargement of all or part

of an organismof an organism

Reproduction:Reproduction: is the formation of new cells is the formation of new cells or a new organismor a new organism

6 Characteristics continued…6 Characteristics continued…

HomeostasisHomeostasis

The body’s ability to maintain stable internal The body’s ability to maintain stable internal conditions even though the outside world is conditions even though the outside world is constantly changingconstantly changing

EVERY organ plays a role in homeostasisEVERY organ plays a role in homeostasis The brain continually monitors these body The brain continually monitors these body

functions 24/7functions 24/7 Blood glucoseBlood glucose Body temperatureBody temperature Blood pressureBlood pressure Body pH levelBody pH level

What is Homeostasis?What is Homeostasis?

Values of variables Values of variables fluctuate around the fluctuate around the set pointset point to establish a to establish a normal rangenormal range of of values.values.

Set pointSet point: the ideal : the ideal normal value of a normal value of a variable.variable.

What is the set point for What is the set point for body temperature? body temperature?

HomeostasisHomeostasis

The hypothalamus in the brain is The hypothalamus in the brain is responsible for maintaining homeostasisresponsible for maintaining homeostasis

Other organs include the liver and the Other organs include the liver and the kidneyskidneys Liver –Liver –

Kidneys – Kidneys –

3 Components of the Control 3 Components of the Control SystemSystem

Homeostatic Control MechanismsHomeostatic Control Mechanisms

Imbalance (ex – working on a hot day)Imbalance (ex – working on a hot day)

1)1) STIMULUS: produces a change in variableSTIMULUS: produces a change in variable

2)2) Change detected by receptorChange detected by receptor

3)3) CONTROL CENTER: Info sent along CONTROL CENTER: Info sent along pathway (input)pathway (input)

4)4) EFFECTOR: Information sent along EFFECTOR: Information sent along pathway to activate effector (output)pathway to activate effector (output)

5)5) RESPONSERESPONSE

FeedbackFeedback

NegativeNegative FluctuatesFluctuates In use every minute of every dayIn use every minute of every day

PositivePositive NO FLUCTUATIONNO FLUCTUATION RARERARE

Negative FeedbackNegative Feedback

Analogy: Home heating systemAnalogy: Home heating system

The effect of the The effect of the responseresponse is to shut off is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity.the original stimulus or reduce its intensity.

MOST control mechanisms are negative MOST control mechanisms are negative feedbackfeedback

Positive Feedback MechanismPositive Feedback Mechanism

Very rareVery rare

Events that occur explosively and do not Events that occur explosively and do not

require continuous adjustmentsrequire continuous adjustments

Examples include: child birth and blood Examples include: child birth and blood clottingclotting

Identify the Type of Mechanism Identify the Type of Mechanism Being Described…Being Described…

When the blood begins to clot, the When the blood begins to clot, the chemical reactions involved in the process chemical reactions involved in the process will continue until the clot is completedwill continue until the clot is completed

The level of insulin will rise under certain The level of insulin will rise under certain conditions but will soon drop to normal conditions but will soon drop to normal levels in the presence of another hormone levels in the presence of another hormone called glucagon. The process goes on called glucagon. The process goes on throughout the day.throughout the day.

Blood vessels will automatically dilate in Blood vessels will automatically dilate in an effort to release body heat and they will an effort to release body heat and they will constrict in an effort to retain body heat.constrict in an effort to retain body heat.

Once in awhile, there is a chemical Once in awhile, there is a chemical reaction that produces a product that will reaction that produces a product that will enhance the chemical reaction even more enhance the chemical reaction even more and therefore producing more of the and therefore producing more of the productproduct

The temperature in your house cools The temperature in your house cools down, which triggers the heat mechanism down, which triggers the heat mechanism to warm up the house. As soon as the to warm up the house. As soon as the house gets warm, the heater shuts off. house gets warm, the heater shuts off. The process repeats.The process repeats.

Body Planes & Body Planes & Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Body PlanBody Plan

Body Positions Body Positions Anatomical position – standing up straight Anatomical position – standing up straight

with face forward, upper limbs hanging to the with face forward, upper limbs hanging to the sides and palms of hands facing forward.sides and palms of hands facing forward.

• Supine –Supine –

• Prone – Prone –

Terms of DirectionTerms of Direction Medial = closer to median planeMedial = closer to median plane

Lateral = further from median planeLateral = further from median plane

Anterior = towards front of bodyAnterior = towards front of body

Posterior = towards back of bodyPosterior = towards back of body

Superior = towards headSuperior = towards head

Terms of DirectionTerms of Direction Inferior = towards bottom of feetInferior = towards bottom of feet

Superficial = towards surface of body, partSuperficial = towards surface of body, part

Deep = towards center of body, partDeep = towards center of body, part

Proximal = nearer origin or attachmentProximal = nearer origin or attachment

Distal = further from origin or attachmentDistal = further from origin or attachment

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Major Body PlanesMajor Body Planes

Median = vertical, front to back in midlineMedian = vertical, front to back in midline

Frontal (coronal) = vertical, perpendicular to Frontal (coronal) = vertical, perpendicular to medianmedian

Horizontal (transverse) = parallel to floor, Horizontal (transverse) = parallel to floor, perpendicular to median, coronalperpendicular to median, coronal

Sagittal = vertical, parallel to medianSagittal = vertical, parallel to median

Major Body parts and regionsMajor Body parts and regions

The Organ Systems Chapter 1 Monday, August 19 th.

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