Post on 21-May-2015
description
transcript
THE ORGANIZATION
OF KNOWLEDGE IN
MIND
Outline
1. Organization of Declarative Knowledge1. Concepts and Categories2. Semantic Network Models3. Schematic Representations
2. Representations of Procedural Knowledge3. Integrative Models for Representing
Declarative and Nondeclarative Knowledge
1. Combining Representations: ACT-R2. Models Based on the Human Brain3. Parallel Processing: The Connectionist Model
DECLARATIVE
PROCEDURAL
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
CONCEPTS
SCHEMAS
CATEGORIES
1) ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
Natura l categoryArt ifi c ia l categoryAd Hoc category
1) THEORIES ON CONCEPT
ORGANIZATION
1) ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
1) ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
THEORIES ON CONCEPT ORGANIZATION
FEATURE-BASED
CATEGORIES: A DEFINING VIEW
EXEMPLARS
A SYNTHESIS: COMBINING FEATURE-BASED AND PROTOTYPE
THEORIES
THEORY-BASED VIEW OF
CATEGORIZATION
PROTOTYPE THEORY:
A CHARACTERISTIC VIEW
1) ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
EXEMPLARS
A SYNTHESIS: COMBINING FEATURE-BASED AND PROTOTYPE
THEORIES
THEORY-BASED VIEW OF
CATEGORIZATION
PROTOTYPE THEORY:
A CHARACTERISTIC VIEW
FEATURE-BASED
CATEGORIES: A DEFINING VIEW
THEORIES ON CONCEPT ORGANIZATION
MUST have this to be considered a
member
*DEFINING FEATURES
1) ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
FEATURE-BASED
CATEGORIES: A DEFINING VIEW
EXEMPLARS
A SYNTHESIS: COMBINING FEATURE-BASED AND PROTOTYPE
THEORIES
THEORY-BASED VIEW OF
CATEGORIZATION
THEORIES ON CONCEPT ORGANIZATION
Category containing
salient features that
are true of most instances
Ideal representation
of the category
COKEXEROXCOLGAT
E
PAMPERS
*CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
PROTOTYPE THEORY:
A CHARACTERISTIC VIEW
1) ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
FEATURE-BASED
CATEGORIES: A DEFINING VIEW
A SYNTHESIS: COMBINING FEATURE-BASED AND PROTOTYPE
THEORIES
THEORY-BASED VIEW OF
CATEGORIZATION
PROTOTYPE THEORY:
A CHARACTERISTIC VIEW
THEORIES ON CONCEPT ORGANIZATION
EXEMPLARS
1) ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
FEATURE-BASED
CATEGORIES: A DEFINING VIEW
EXEMPLARS
A SYNTHESIS: COMBINING FEATURE-BASED AND PROTOTYPE
THEORIES
PROTOTYPE THEORY:
A CHARACTERISTIC VIEW
THEORY-BASED VIEW OF
CATEGORIZATION
THEORIES ON CONCEPT ORGANIZATION
#HUGOT#AngTunayNaLalake
1) ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
FEATURE-BASED
CATEGORIES: A DEFINING VIEW
EXEMPLARS
A SYNTHESIS: COMBINING FEATURE-BASED AND PROTOTYPE
THEORIES
THEORY-BASED VIEW OF
CATEGORIZATION
THEORIES ON CONCEPT ORGANIZATION
PROTOTYPE THEORY:
A CHARACTERISTIC VIEW
• Introduce the idea of the
“CORE”– Defining features that item
must have
• Prototype– Characteristics typical of
examples
1) ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
2) SEMANTIC-NETWORK MODELS
1) ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND COLLINS & QUILLIAN’S MODEL
Has skin
Breathes
Eats
Animal
Salmon
Has fins
Has gills
swim
Is pink
Lays eggs upstream
Is edible
Has spots
4 legs
barks
Has fur
Fish
Black & white
Dalmatian
Dog
Skinny tail
1969
1) ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND COLLINS & LOFTUS
1975
Goldie
fish
swims
poodle
fur4 legs
pet
mutt
Lucy
dog
1) ORGANIZATION OF DECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
* S C H E M A* S C R I P T S• A structure that describes appropriate sequences of
events in a particular context • Scripts include default values for the actors, the
props, the setting, and the sequence of events
3) SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATIONS
2) REPRESENTATIONS OFPROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
50 peso bill here
2) REPRESENTATIONS OFPROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
• Consciously think about steps to complete task
COGNITIVE STAGE
ACQUISITION OFPROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
2) REPRESENTATIONS OFPROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
NONDECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
• Procedural knowledge• Associative conditioning• Simple nonassociative
knowledge• Priming
2) REPRESENTATIONS OFPROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
NON-DECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT)
Procedural Priming Simple Nonassociative(Skills & Habits) Emotional Skeletal
Responses Musculature
Striatum Neocortex Amygdala Cerebellum Reflexes
Pathways
2) REPRESENTATIONS OFPROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE
ORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
NONDECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGE
• Procedural knowledge• Associative conditioning• Simple nonassociative
knowledge• Priming
SEMANTIC PRIMING
REPETITION PRIMING
3) INTEGRATIVE MODELS FOR REPRESENTING DECLARATIVE AND
NONDECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
Combining Representations: ACT-R (Anderson)
– Adaptive control of thought model of knowledge representation and information processing
– A model of information processing that integrates a network representation for declarative knowledge and a production-system representation for procedural knowledge
– Declarative network includes storing and retrieving of information; Procedural system implements the processes of proceduralization (automatization)
3) INTEGRATIVE MODELS FOR REPRESENTING DECLARATIVE AND
NONDECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
CONNECTIONIST MODEL
Parallel Processing Parallel Distributed
Processing (PDP) Models
3) INTEGRATIVE MODELS FOR REPRESENTING DECLARATIVE AND
NONDECLARATIVE KNOWLEDGEORGANIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE
IN MIND
DOMAIN GENERAL VS. DOMAIN SPECIFIC SYSTEMSHow domain general or domain
specific is cognition?