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La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
The Pamela experiment ready for flight
Oscar Adriani – INFN Firenze, Università di Firenze
on behalf of the Pamela collaboration
Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light Nuclei
Astrophysics
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Bari Florence Frascati
Italy:TriesteNaples Rome CNR, Florence
Moscow St. Petersburg
NMSU
GSFC
USA:
Russia:
India:
Mumbai
Germany:Siegen
Sweden:KTH, Stockholm
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Pamela’s scientific objectives
Study antiparticles in cosmic raysSearch for antimatterSearch for dark matterStudy cosmic-ray propagationStudy solar physics and solar modulationStudy the electron spectrum (local
sources?)
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
o Long-term monitoring of the solar modulation of cosmic rays
o Energetic particles from the Sun (e+)o High-energy particles in the Earth magnetosphere
Antiproton flux 80 MeV - 190 GeVPositron flux 50 MeV – 270 GeVElectron flux up to 800 GeVProton flux up to 1000 GeVElectron/positron flux up to 2 TeVLight nuclei (up to Z=6) up to 500 GeV/nLight isotopes (D, 3He) up to 1 GeV/nAntinuclei search (sensitivity better than 10-7 in
He/He)
PAMELA Capabilities
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Secondary production (upper and lower limits)
Simon et al.
Primary production annihilation (m() = 964 GeV, Ullio 2002)
Secondary production (CAPRICE94-based)
Bergström et al.
Unexplored Region
PAMELA energy range
AntiprotonsBlack holes / Dark Matter
Propagation / Dark Matter Extragalactic primordials
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Unexplored Region
Secondary production ‘Leaky box model’ (Protheroe 1982)
Primary production annihilation (m() = 336 GeV
Baltz & Edsjö 1999)
Secondary production ‘Moskalenko + Strong model’ (1998) without reacceleration
PAMELA energy range
PositronsPropagation / Dark MatterCharge modulation effects
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Secondary production (upper and lower limits)Simon et al.
Secondary production (CAPRICE94-based)Bergström et al.
Primary production annihilation (m() = 964 GeV)
Antiprotons
> 3.104 antiprotons 80 MeV/c - 190 GeV/c
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Secondary production ‘Leaky box model’ (Protheroe 1982)
Primary production annihilation
m() = 336 GeV
Secondary production ‘Moskalenko + Strong model’ (1998) without reacceleration
Positrons
> 3.105 positrons 50 MeV/c - 270 GeV/c
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Cosmic-ray Antimatter Search
He / He
Breq
GeVpGVR
)(
)()(
CR production ~O(10-
14)
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Particle Number (3 yrs)
Energy Range
Protons 3.108 50 MeV – 1000 GeV
Antiprotons >3.104 80 MeV – 190 GeV
Electrons 6.106 50 MeV – 2 TeV
Positrons >3.105 50 MeV – 270 GeV
He 4.107 50 MeV/n – 500 GeV/n
Be 4.104 50 MeV/n – 500 GeV/n
C 4.105 50 MeV/n – 500 GeV/n
Antihelium Limit
7.10-8 80 MeV/n – 70 GeV/n
•‘Semi-Polar’ orbit (700) Low energy particles
•Wide energy range + 3 years mission Reliable measurements
Expected Fluxes in 3 Years
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Earth observation
350 / 610 km
Inclination = 70.4o
Soyuz 2 launcher
Baikonur Cosmodrome
3 year mission
350 - 610 km
Pamela operational
During launch / orbital manoeuvres
Housed in an atmospheric pressure vessel
Temperature = 5oC ÷ 35oC
All subsystems must withstand launch vibrations!
Electronics must withstand up to ~3 krad
Resurs DK1Resurs DK1
Total mass ~ 470kg / 345W power budget
Satellite and orbitLaunch date: June 14-16, 2006
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Geometrical Factor ~20.5 cm2sr
The PAMELA subdetectors1.
2 m
Mass ~450 kg Power ~360 W
)10(~ 4Op
p
)1.0(~ Oe
e
)200(~ Oe
p
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Magnetic spectrometer (I)Si Tracker + magnet
•Rigidity measurement
•5 Nd-B-Fe magnet segments
•0.48T at the centre
•(13.2 x 16.2 cm2) x 44.5 cm high
•6 planes of 300m thick double sided Si detectors
•<3m resolution in bending view
•+/-10 MIP dynamic range (VA1 chips)
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Momentum resolution 2003 Last beam-test of PAMELA flight model @ CERN-SPS40-150 GeV/c protons
Magnetic spectrometer (II)
MDR ~ 1 TV/c Multiple scattering
Nx & sx
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Calorimeter (I)Si-W Calorimeter
• Measures energies of e±.
E/E = 15% / E1/2 + 5%
• Si-X / W / Si-Y structure.
• 22 Si / 21 W 16X0 / 0.90
• Imaging: EM - vs- hadronic discrimination, longitudinal and transverse shower profile
• Total number of channels 4224
• Wide dynamic range 1 - 1000 MIP
Calorimeter Requirements:• p/e+ selection eff. 90%• p rejection factor 105
• e- rejection factor 104
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Calorimeter (II) Electron-Proton Separation
SPS TestBeam Data:p & e-
200 GeV/c
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
SPS Test Beam Data(p&e- up to 200 GeV)+ Simulation
Calorimeter (III) Electron identification efficiency
Test BeamSimulation
Proton contamination in the electron sample
Test Beam
Simulation
At 200 GeV:Proton rejection factor 2.3∙105
Electron selectionefficiency 90%
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Trigger/Time of Flight (I)
Plastic scintillator + PMT
•Trigger
•Detection of albedo particles
• Particle identification (up to 1 GeV/c)
•dE/dx
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Δ(Z=6)~0.26
Time Resolution
S1-S2 S1-S3
C 200 MeV/n 66 ps 68 ps
C 1200 MeV/n
75 ps 73 ps
Cr 500 MeV/n
71 ps 81 ps
C12 200 MeV/n
Δβ ~ 0.009
Trigger/Time of Flight (II)
Charge Resolution
Results from heavy ions beam test at GSI (2006)
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Anticoincidence system
• Defines acceptance for tracks
• Plastic scintillator + PMT
Auxiliary detectors (I)
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
• Plastic scintillator: 482 mm x 482 mm x 10 mm• 6 PMT read-out • Dynamic range: 1 - 1000 MIP
• 2 x 18 3He proportional counters (polyethylene / Cd envelope)• 600 × 550 × 150 mm3
• n + 3He p + 3H + 765 keV
• O(10) more n in hadronic cascades than EM
Auxiliary detectors (II)
Shower Scintillator (S4)Neutron Counter
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Trigger and Data RateOne orbitLevel 1 Trigger
TOF Scintillator Coincidence• S1 x S2 x S3• S2 x S3 12 Hz (G.F. = 20.5 cm2sr + background)
Calorimeter Self-trigger (Ee>0.3TeV)
10 mHz (G.F. = 600 cm2sr)Data Rate / Storage / Downlink
12 Hz x 5 kByte / event ~ 5 GB/day
Up to 20 GB daily on-boardDown-linked with a few ground connections per day
[PAMELA DAQ ~10% dead-time (10 ms)]
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
Detectors tested at PS / SPSTest facilities as Prototypes and in FM configuration
Mass/Thermal ModelsQualified, March-May 2003
Full Cycle of Vibration /Shock of the Flight Model passed at IABG/ Munich, January 2005
PAMELA Technological Model completed and delivered to Russia December 2003
PAMELA Flight Model delivered toTSSKB_Progress Factory in Samara (Russia) April 2005
PAMELA Status (≤2005)
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
On-ground muon results2005 acquisition of atmospheric particles during PAMELA test before delivering Check of spectrometer systematics with positive and negative muons
Preliminary results:- no efficiency correction- first-order alignment- no ETA p.f.a.
Preliminary!
Preliminary!
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
PAMELA Event
Ground Data Muon:2.8 GV
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
PAMELA Event
Ground DataHadron:6.6 GV
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
PAMELA Event
CalorimeterSelf Trigger
GF 400 cm2
sr
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
PAMELA Status (≥2005)
Pamela has been fully qualified in Samarafrom May, 2005 up to March, 2006•Cooling loop•Mechanical interfaces•Power supply tests•Interface with the Very High Speed
Radiolink (VRL)•Electrical tests
Many repeated tests have been done during 1 year
Pamela was accepted to be sent to the launch base (March 2006)
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
PAMELA Status (2006) (I)
Pamela was transported by airplane from Samara to Bajkonour on March 28, 2006
60 days work before launch
•Standalone tests•Insertion in the pressurized container•Electrical tests with the satellite•Test of the downlink
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
PAMELA Status (2006) (II)All the tests were successful (May 18, 2006)Pamela is ‘ready for flight’
Launch window: 14-16 June 2006
Next steps:4 days after the launch
1 switch on (nominal way – hot parts) for 4 hours
data downlink check of data in NTSOMZ receiving station
6 days after the launch: start of commissioning phasehot parts (6 days)cold parts (3 days)+test of various operating modes
17 days after the launchbeginning of physics data taking
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani
• PAMELA is the first space experiment which will measure Antiprotons and Positrons to high energies (≥ 200GeV) with an unprecedented statistical precision
• PAMELA will set a new lower limit for finding Antihelium• PAMELA will look for Dark Matter candidates• PAMELA has collected ground cosmic-rays for various months at the
laboratories of Rome 2 University and at the Samara TSSKB-Progress factory
• All detectors are performing as designed and PAMELA seems able to achieve its scientific goals.
• Pamela has been delivered to Russia at the end of March 2005• PAMELA has successfully passed all the integrations tests with the Resurs-
DK1 Satellite at TSSKB-Progress factory in Samara• Pamela has been delivered to Bajkonour at the end of March 2006• PAMELA has successfully passed all the integrations tests with the Resurs-
DK1 Satellite at the launch base in Bajkonour and is ‘ready for flight’
• PAMELA will be launched in the 14-16 June 2006 time window
Conclusions
La Biodola (Isola d’Elba) May 26, 2006
The Pamela experiment ready for flight O. Adriani