Post on 20-Dec-2015
transcript
Middle Class Movement Middle class emerged in late 1800s – product of
industrialization• Professionals, managers, “white collar” workers• Increasingly segregated from working class
Primarily concerned with urban, industrial problems• Rapid growth of cities exacerbated problems• Concerned about crime, alcoholism, prostitution, and
unsanitary & unsafe living & working conditions Progress entailed both efficiency & justice
• Elitist & democratic simultaneously• Linked to industrialists, who provided money for new
research universities & social research efforts
Scientific Social Reform Settlement Houses
Jane Addams est. Hull House in Chicago (1889)
Secular missionaries – lived in foreign neighborhoods & tried to “uplift” working class
Charity Organization Societies pooled & coordinated resources
John Dewey advocated educational reform to create better citizens
Immigration Restriction Immigration
Restriction League Led by Prescott F. Hall &
Robert D. Ward Advocated literacy test to
keep out “un-desirable” southern & eastern European immigrants
Eugenics Charles Davenport founded
Eugenics Record Office on Long Island
Advocated sterilization of criminals & mentally disabledHarry Laughlin &
Charles Davenport
NAACP (1910)& Urban League (1911)
Founded by whites & blacks Whites like Oswald Garrison
Villard were grandchildren of abolitionists
Blacks like W.E.B. DuBois were frustrated middle-class professionals
NAACP challenged Jim Crow laws in court
Urban League promoted economic developmentW.E.B. DuBois
The Role of Women Cult of “true womanhood”
women as moral guardians of family & society
Used to demand voting rights Upper & middle-class women
led many reform groups Women’s Christian Temperance
Union Children’s Aid Society Settlement houses
Taking on the Party Machines
Opposed machines as both antidemocratic & inefficient
City gov’t reforms were antidemocratic: Expert Commissions to replace elected city
councils Professional City Managers to administer affairs
Other reforms were more democratic: Direct Primaries took control of nominations
away from party leaders Initiative & Referendum allowed voters to
bypass legislature & enact laws directly Recall elections allowed removal of unpopular
officials before term expired
Pres. Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)
Added 150 million acres to forest preserves
Dept. of Commerce & Labor created (1903)
Pure Food & Drug Act & Meat Inspection Act (1906) regulated food industry
Hepburn Act (1906) gave ICC authority to set maximum railroad rates
Broke up Northern Securities Trust (1904)
Mediated United Mine Workers’ strike (1902)
Pres. William Howard Taft (1909-1913)
Busted more trusts than T.R., but had pro-business reputation
Added to forest preserves, but angered conservationists by firing Gifford Pinchot
Mann Act (1910) outlawed “white slave trade”
Mann-Elkins Act (1910) strengthened ICC further
16th & 17th Amendments passed by Congress in 1913
The 1912 Election Roosevelt unsuccessfuly
challenged Taft for the G.O.P. nomination
Roosevelt then formed Progressive (“Bull Moose”) Party
Woodrow Wilson won Democratic nomination & election
Pres. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)
Federal Reserve Act (1913) created modern monetary system
Underwood Tariff (1913) lowered rates & est. graduated income tax
Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) outlawed price discrimination, tying agreements & interlocking directorates
Federal Trade Commission (1914) created to regulate
Wilson (cont.) Federal Farm Loan Act (1916) created 12
banks to make low-interest loans to farmers (part of Subtreasury Plan)
Adamson Act (1916) mandated 8-hour day & time and a half for overtime for railroad workers
Keating-Owen Act (1916) banned goods made by child labor from interstate commerce, but overturned by Supreme Court
18th & 19th Amendments (1918, 1919) added to Constitution