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TheRenaissance"YouNeedaRenaissance"
Learnmoreaboutthistopic!Eachsectiongivesmoredetailononeofthelyricsfromthesong.Readeachsection,andthenrespondbyansweringthequestionortakingnotesonkeyideas.
Lyric:IntroLyric:Intro
TheRenaissancetookplaceinEuropeinthe14thand15thcenturies.Historiansconsideritarenaissance,orrebirth,becauseitwasatimeperiodofunprecedentedgrowthintheartsandsciences,likearevivalofthehighcultureoftheGreeksandRomans.ThisexplosionofculturaldevelopmentfollowedwhathadbeenaratherdarkperiodduringtheMiddleAges.ThiswasthetimeofShakespeare'splays,Galileo'sexperiments,Michelangelo'spaintings,andMartinLuther'snewchurch.Alotwasgoingon.
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Lyric:There'ssolittleartintheDarkAge,Lyric:There'ssolittleartintheDarkAge,
Burialofplaguevictims
PartoftheimpetusfortheRenaissancewastheBlackDeath,orbubonicplague,whichkilledmillionsofEuropeans.Thishadonepositiveeffect-itleftmoreintermsoffood,resources,andwealthforthosewhosurvived.Thisbountyhelpedusherinaneconomicboom.Traderebounded,alargemiddleclassgrew,governmentsreorganizedandlifewas
generallymorestableandprosperous.Andallofthisactivityencouragedartistsandthinkerstodotheirthing.
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Lyric:Let'sgetclassical, takeitbacktoGreeks,Lyric:Let'sgetclassical, takeitbacktoGreeks,
Thewordrenaissancemeans"rebirth,"andwhatwasrebornwastheartisticandphilosophicalachievementsofancientGreeceandRome.AnewbreedofmostlyItalianartistswereextremelyinterestedinthesculpture,paintings,architectureandphilosophyoftheancientGreeksandRomanswho,theythought,haddonethingsreallywell.
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NameName DateDate
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Lyric:smarternow;we'repractically geeks.Lyric:smarternow;we'repractically geeks.
JohannGutenberg'sinventionhadahugeimpact
ThesenewthinkerswentnutsforGreekandRomanwriting.Theyreadit,copiedandtranslateditandwroteresponses.Mostofthemwrotewithpens,whichtheyhadtodipintoinkeveryfewseconds.ButinGermany,amannamedJohannGutenberg(1398-1468)soonchangedtheworldwithhisinvention—amovable-typeprintingpress.Thatis,letterscouldberearrangedsothatmultiplebooks
couldbeprintedonthesamemachine.Thisforeverchangedtheworldofliterature,creatinganexplosionofbooks.
PriortoGutenberg'spress,therewerefewcopiesoftitlesbecauseitwasdifficulttomakethem.Withmovabletype,bookscouldbeprintedoneaftertheother.Scientistscouldnowsharetheirworkeasily,forexample,andpricelessoldtextscouldbepreservedforthefuture.PlaywrightslikeShakespearecouldexposetheirmasterpiecestowideaudiences.AlloftheideasbubblingaboutduringtheRenaissancecouldbegivenwidedistribution.Itwascertainlyrevolutionary.
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Lyric:Medicifamilywill payyoumaddoubloons,Lyric:Medicifamilywill payyoumaddoubloons,
CosimodeMediciwasafamouspatronofthearts
Greatartbasicallytakestwothings:amazingartistsandpeoplewillingtopaytheartists(sotheydon'thavetospendalltheirtimefarmingorfixingtoiletsorwhatever).Luckyforus,theItalianRenaissancehadboth.
Inthe1300s,Italywasalandofcity-states.PlaceslikeMilan,VeniceandFlorencewereimportantcentersoftradeandcommerce.No
singlemonarchyruledinItaly,sopowerfulfamilieswereabletocontrolregions.ThiswaswhathappenedinFlorence,wheretheMedicifamilycametopower.First,CosimodeMedicitookoverthegovernmentofthecity;thenhissonLorenzofollowedhisfather'sfootsteps.Florence,whichhadbeenpromotedasacenterofintellectualactivityunderpreviousrulers,attractedmanygreatminds.TheMedicifamilycontinuedtoencourageartistsandthinkers,andtheybecamegreatpatronsofculture—they'dpaytopdollartothebestartists.
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Lyric:Soweaddperspective,paintin3-D,Lyric:Soweaddperspective,paintin3-D,
Raphael'sTheBetrothaloftheVirgin
OneofthemostimpressiveinnovationsofRenaissancepainterswasthinkingaboutthreedimensions.Tomaketheirpaintingsmorelifelike,artistslikeLeonardodaVincistudiedhowthingsinthebackgroundlooksmaller.Theeffectwasincredible:GiantcanvasesormuralsshowedGreekgodsmovingamongcrumblingruinswithshipsin
thedistance;vividportraitsdepictedchildrenplayinginthebackground.Theselittletouchesaddedalot.
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Lyric:RaphaelLyric:Raphael
TheSchoolofAthensfeaturesthegreatthreephilosophers:Socrates,PlatoandAristotle
ForRaphaelSanzio(1483-1520),talentwasintheblood.Thepainter'sfatherwasalsoanartist,andRaphaellearneda
lotaboutshadeandlight,depthandperspectivefromhimandothers.Bythetimehewas21hehadpaintedhisfirstmasterpiece,TheMarriageoftheVirgin.Whenhewasreadytoheadoutonhisown,Raphaelwentwheretheactionwas—Florence,wherehemetMichelangelo,Leonardo,andothers,andstudiedtheirtechniques.HewascommissionedbytheVaticantodoaseriesofpaintings.Oneofthese,TheSchoolofAthens,isprobablyhismostfamouswork.
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Lyric:MichelangeloLyric:Michelangelo
Michelangelowasanaccomplishedpainterandsculptor
OneofthebeneficiariesoftheMediciswasasculptornamedMichelangeloBuonarroti(1475-1564).MichelangelowasfriendlywithLorenzodeMediciandstudiedsculptureathishome.
TheyoungartistwouldtakewhathelearnedandturnitintomasterworkslikeDavidandthePieta,piecesthatremainamongthemostfamoussculpturesofalltime.Notlongaftercompletingthem,MichelangelowashiredtopaintfrescoesontheceilingoftheSistineChapelinRome.
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Lyric:LeonardodaVinciLyric:LeonardodaVinci
TheMonaLisaisondisplayattheLouvreMuseuminParis,France.
Whenweusetheterm"RenaissanceMan,"we'redescribingsomeonelikeLeonardodaVinci(1452-1519).Notjustbecausehelivedduringthistimeperiod,butbecausehewasgreatatmanythings.MostfamousastheartistwhopaintedtheMonaLisa,Leonardowasgoodatmosteverythinghedid.Hewasascientist,aninventor-dudecouldevensing!Hepaintedandworkedonallkindsof
scholarlystudies,fromgeometrytoflyingmachinestoarchitecture.Buthewasstillabletocomeupwithsomeoftheworld'smostfamouspaintings,includingTheLastSupperandtheMonaLisa.Unquestionably,themanwasagenius.
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Lyric:DonatelloLyric:Donatello
Donatello'sDavid
LikeMichelangelo,Donatello(1386-1466)wasasculptor.Hewasoneofthegreatestofalltime,andhemadehisearlymarkinFlorence,wherehewasborninthecity.AndlikeMichelangelo,oneofhismostfamouspieceswasasculpturecalledDavid-itwasthefirstnudesculpturetobedoneintheRenaissance.DonatellodidworkfortheMedicifamily,andhisart-whichincludedothermasterpieceslikeSt.GeorgeandtheDragon,St.
Mark,St.PeterandSt.JohntheEvangelist-playedwithclassicalGreekandRomanthemesaswellasChristianones.
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Lyric:Doyoubelieveinmagiclikepeopleusedto?Lyric:Doyoubelieveinmagiclikepeopleusedto?
Peoplebelievedtobewitcheswereburnedatthestake.
TheMiddleAgesinEuropewasasuperstitioustime.Fewwereeducatedexceptformembersoftheclergy(priests
andmonks).Tomostpeople,Godworkedinmysteriousways,andifitwasn'tGod,itmightbeafairy,demonorwitchthatmadeyourbrotheractsostrangely.Ifatownsuspectedacertainwomanwasawitch,theymighttakeherfromherhouse,tiehertoastake,andburnher.
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Lyric:getsick,andyouthinkGodhatesyou.Lyric:getsick,andyouthinkGodhatesyou.
SealfortheTribunaloftheHolyOfficeoftheInquisition
TheSpanishInquisitionwasadarkspotduringtheglorydaysoftheRenaissance.FerdinandandIsabella,monarchsofSpain,wantedtousereligiontounitetheKingdomofSpainundertheirrule.Ithadpreviouslybeendividedupbydifferingreligiousfactions—Catholics,Protestants,JewsandMuslims.FerdinandandIsabellathoughttheycouldunitethenationif
everyonewereCatholic.
Soin1478theybasicallytoldthosewhodidn'tsharetheirbeliefs—theso-called"heretics"—toleave.Iftheydidn'tleave,membersoftheInquisitionwouldarrest,tortureandkillthem.Thousandswereexecuted.Foryears,theInquisitiontriedtostomppeopleoutsimplybecausetheyweredifferent.
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Lyric:Ifyouwantmetobelieve,youbettershowmeLyric:Ifyouwantmetobelieve,youbettershowmeproof."proof."
TheRoyalSocietywasthefirstscientificsocietyintheworld.
AnamazingrevolutionoccuredalongsidetheartisticchangesoftheRenaissance.MostpeoplecallittheScientificRevolution,butyoucouldcallitthe"why
revolution."Justlikeanannoyingthree-year-old,scientistsbeganasking"Why?"toeverything.Theskyisblue.Why?Somestarsdon'tmovestraightacrossthesky;theymakecircles.Why?Thesescientistsrealizedthatjustbecausetheirmomsanddadstoldthemsomethingwastruedidn'tmeanactuallyitwas.Theywantedtoobservethetruth.
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Lyric:ThiswastheScientificRevolution,Lyric:ThiswastheScientificRevolution,
Bacon'sscientificmethodisstillusedtoday.
ThankstotheScientificRevolution,weprovethingsaseithertrueorfalse.Buthowdowegoaboutprovingsomething?Tohelppeople,FrancisBacon(1561-1626)cameupwithwhatisknownasthescientificmethod,theideathatascientificprojectshouldbeginbyobservingorexploringanideaorphenomenon.Thenthescientistshouldmakehisorhertheoryabouthowsomethingworks
—calledthehypothesis.Afterthat,thetheoryshouldbetested.Thisisstillthewayscientistsapproachtheirworktoday.
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Lyric:youlikethemapples?LikeIsaacNewton.Lyric:youlikethemapples?LikeIsaacNewton.
Newtonbuiltupontheideasofotherscientists.
ThereisapopularmyththatIsaacNewtonwaschillingunderanappletreewhenanapplefellonhisheadandthismadehim"discover"gravity.Erasethatimagefromyourmind.Therewasnoappletreeandgravityhadalreadybeen"discovered."WhatNewtondiddiscoverwashowallobjectspulloneachother,andthathowmuchtheypulldependsontheirmass.Newton'stheoriesbeefedupthetheoriesofothergreat
scientists,includingCopernicusandGalileo.
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Lyric:Copernicusthoughtitwasthesunatcenter,Lyric:Copernicusthoughtitwasthesunatcenter,
Copernicusbelievedintheheliocentricmodelwherethesunisatthecenteroftheuniverse.
NicolausCopernicus(1473-1543)wasarealtroublemaker-accordingtotheCatholicChurch,atleast.ThegreatPolishastronomerhadthisideathattheEarthrotatedandrevolvedaroundthesun.Untilthattime,everyonebelievedthattheEarthwasthecenteroftheuniverseandthesunrotatedaroundit.Copernicus'sideasgothimallkinds
ofangrymail,andtheChurchbannedhislandmarkbook,TheRevolutionoftheHolySpheres.Scientistsnowbelievethattheuniversedoesn'tevenhaveacenter.
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Lyric:Galileo'stelescopeprovedtheEarthmoved,Lyric:Galileo'stelescopeprovedtheEarthmoved,
Galileostudiedspacethroughhistelescope.
Anotherhugelyimportantscientist,GalileoGalilei(1564-1642),wasoneofthefewpeoplewhothoughtCopernicushadtherightidea.AndGalileocouldproveit.Heinventedatelescopeandlookedintospaceinawaythatnoonehadbefore.
Hewasthenabletoseewhatwasorbitingwhat.Hiscontributionstophysicswerelikewiseextraordinary.Oneofthem,stilltaughtinclassroomseverywhere,wasthattheweightofanobjectdoesn'tdeterminehowfastitfalls.
Ifyoudropaheavyitem,suchasastone,andalighteritem,likeapin,atthesametime,they'llhitthegroundsimultaneously.Hisfindingswouldchangescience.Forhiscontributions,theCatholicChurchputGalileounderhousearrestandmadehimpubliclydenywhathehadwritten.
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Lyric:That'swhatCatholicsdid,sellingindulgences,Lyric:That'swhatCatholicsdid,sellingindulgences,
Thesaleofindulgenceswasbigbusiness.
ItwastimefortheCatholicChurch,suchapowerfulforceintheMiddleAges,tochange.OneofthemostunpopularpracticesoftheChurchwasthesellingofindulgences.Priestssaidthatthemoremoneyyougavethemforthese"indulgences,"thefasteryou'dgetintoheavenwhenyoudied.
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Lyric:MartinLutherwasn'tfeelingit.Lyric:MartinLutherwasn'tfeelingit.
MartinLutherchallengedtheCatholicChurch.
AGermanmonknamedMartinLutherwasoutragedbythis;tohim,itseemedtogoagainsttheteachingsofJesus.So,pipingmad,Lutherscribbled95thingshehatedabouttheChurchonapieceofpaperonenight,marcheddowntohischurch,andtackedthemtothedoor.Theyweresoonknownasthe95Theses(athesisisanargument).ThiswasHalloween,1517.Boo!
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Lyric:95thesesandtacked'emup,Lyric:95thesesandtacked'emup,
LutheraddressingtheHolyRomanEmperor,CharlesVattheDietofWorms.
Lutheralsothoughtthatmass(Catholicchurchservice)shouldbeconductedinthenativetongueofthepeople,notin
Latin,whichmanypeopledidn'tunderstand.HispushforchangegavebirthtotheReformation.Hisfollowersfeltthesameway;theywantedtoprotestagainsttheChurch,sotheybecameknownasProtestants.Nowadays,therearelotsofsectsthatareconsideredProtestant:Baptists,Anglicans,Lutherans,born-againChristiansandmanyothersalltracetheiroriginbacktoMartinLuther.
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Lyric:Churchistoofatl ikeaReese'sCup.Lyric:Churchistoofatl ikeaReese'sCup.
TheCouncilofTrentwastheCatholicChurch'sresponsetotheReformation.
TheReformationhittheCatholicChurchhard.Allofitsmajorfigures—thePope,cardinals,archbishops—decidedameetingwasnecessary.TheywantedtocomeupwithaplantoaddressthepointsmadebytheProtestantswhohad
lefttheChurch.SomeCatholicswantedtotryandbringthemback;othersjustwantedtofigureouthowtomoveintothefuture.TheywantedtoreconsolidatethepowerandrespectoftheChurch.Overthecourseof18years,startingin1545,theymetatTrent,atownontheborderofGermanyandItaly.TheCouncilofTrentworked—itestablishedadoctrinethattheCatholicChurchwouldlivebyforyears.
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Lyric:personalwithJesus,Lyric:personalwithJesus,
LeowasnotafanofMartinLuther
PopeLeoXwastheonewhohadallowedprieststosellindulgences.HedidittoraisemoneyforbuildingawesomechurchesinRome,includingSt.Peter'sBasilica.In1521,LeothrewMartinLutheroutofthechurch(excommunication).
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Lyric:OverinEngland,wefindHenryVIII,Lyric:OverinEngland,wefindHenryVIII,
HenryVIIIisknownforhismanymarriages.
WhenKingHenryVIIItookthethroneofEnglanduponthedeathofhisfather,peopleeverywherehailedthenewking.Hewasascholar,musicianandathlete,andhissubjectslikedhim.Thenewkingdidn'thavemuchinterestintheaffairsofthestate;heleftmuchofthepoliticalworkofthetimetohisaid,CardinalThomasWolsey.SomescholarsclaimWolseywastherealpowerbehindthethrone.Henrywasfamousformanythings—hehadsixwives,severalofwhomendedup
imprisonedinthefamousTowerofLondon.(Theyaresaidtohaunttheplace.)HewasopposedtoLutherandhisreforms,andforthatPopeLeoXgavehimthetitle"DefenderoftheFaith."ButhelaterdeclaredhimselfthesupremeheadoftheChurchofEngland,effectivelybreakingtieswithRome.
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Lyric:youknowhowdadswanttoplayballwiththeirLyric:youknowhowdadswanttoplayballwiththeirson?son?
BecauseCatherinecouldnotproduceason,Henrydivorcedher.
ItallbeganwhenHenrywasmarriedtohisfirstwife,CatherineofAragon.Theyhadagirltogether,"BloodyMary"(seebelow),butnoboys.ThatbotheredoldHenry;hereallywantedasontobethenextking.Plus,hewaskindofeyeingthislady-in-waitingatthecourtnamedAnneBoleyn.SoheaskedPopeClementforadivorce.TheCatholicChurchforbadedivorce,
butClementhadpersonalreasonsforsayingnoaswell.Henrybasicallyreplied,"Fine,ifyouwon'tletmegetdivorced,I'llstartmyownchurchandI'llgrantmyselfadivorce."Hedid,andthechurchhefoundedisknownastheAnglicanChurchortheChurchofEngland.
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Lyric:hiswifeCatherinewasn'tgiv inghimone.Lyric:hiswifeCatherinewasn'tgiv inghimone.
MarysoughttobringCatholicismbacktoEngland.
QueenMaryIwillalwaysbeknownbyhernickname—BloodyMary.Maryonlyreignedforfiveyears,butduringthattimeshehadalotofpeoplekilled,hencethename.Oneofthefirstthingsshedidwhenshetookofficewashavehercousinandpotentialrival,JaneGrey,killed.MarywasintentuponreturningEnglandtotheRomanCatholicChurch,soshedecidedthattheProtestantsthathadbeengrowinginnumbersin
Englandwouldsimplyhavetobeputtodeath.HundredsofProtestantleaderswereexecutedduringherreign.ShemarriedPhillipII,KingofSpain,whoruledduringtheSpanishInquisition.
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Lyric:Lyric: Ifyou'resickofeatingthesamethingforlunch,Ifyou'resickofeatingthesamethingforlunch,standupstandup
ShakespearegainedpopularityduringtheElizabethanEra.
NextupontheEnglishthronewasMary'shalf-sister,ElizabethI.ShehadbeenimprisonedbyQueenMaryintheTowerofLondon,alandmarkstructureknownforitsmanyfamousprisoners.Whenshetookthethronein1559,ElizabethsetaboutundoingmuchofMary'swork.ManyconsiderheroneofthegreatestmonarchsinEnglishhistory.Sheestablishedthe
ChurchofEnglandonceandforall.DuringherreigntheEnglishdefeatedtheSpanishArmadaandbecameamajorpowerplayerinEuropeanpolitics.AndduringtheElizabethanAge,theartsflourishedinEngland.Manyscholarsgivethetitleof"mostimportantwriterever"toElizabethanpoetandplaywrightWilliamShakespeare(1564-1616).Andit'shardtoarguewiththisclaimsincehisworkhasbeenreadandhisplaysperformedalmostconstantlysincehisday.Hewrote37plays—Hamlet,RomeoandJuliet,Othello,andMacbethamongthem.Duringhislifetime,hisplayswereperformedattheGlobeTheatre.ItwasafamousplayhouseinLondonthatseated3,000andwasaffordableformostpeople.Oneofthebiggestandmostinfluentialpeopleinallofacademia,heneverattendedcollege.ItwouldbevirtuallyimpossibletolistthenumberofreferencestoShakespeare'sworkinourculturalhistorysincehisdeath.
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Lyric:DiscussionQuestionsLyric:DiscussionQuestions
1.WhatweresomeofthewaysthattheBubonicPlaguehelpedtolaunchtheRenaissance?
2.Describesomeofthewaysthatthemovable-typeprintingpressinspiredtheRenaissance.
3.IfyouwereanItalianpainterinthe1460swouldyoumovetoFlorence?Whyorwhynot?
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