Post on 16-Jan-2016
transcript
The Road to War
1933-1940
The Development of Totalitarianism
Kellog-Briand Pact-never make war again and to settle all disputes by peaceful means (1929)-still permitted a defensive war
worked in a world that wanted peace-3 countries do not-Japan, Germany, Italy
Japan-attacks Manchuria-September 1931
Stimson Doctrine-US would not recognize any gains made by force
Japan ignores and sets up a puppet state The League of Nations criticizes-Japan
quits the League Japan begins to build its Navy <Henry L. Stimson
The Development of Totalitarianism
Fascism develops in Europe 1. <Adolf Hitler-der Fuhrer- in
Germany (1933) 2. Benito Mussolini in Italy (1922) 3. Francisco Franco in Spain (1939) Totalitarianism-dictatorships with
complete control over the people of a Nation
Fascism-state more important than the individual and a nation should have a strong central government headed by a dictator
Nazi Party-Hitler’s Party in Germany-Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s Party
The Aggressions Begin
Italy attacks Ethiopia (1934)-Mussolini wants to regain the Roman Empire
by 1936-Ethiopia is annexed League of Nations does not act-
made Italy the aggressor, applied sanctions, arms embargo, boycott
League is useless for preventing war
<Benito Musslini-il Duce
The Aggression Begins
Hitler Arms the Rhineland (1935)
1936-sends troops in if Britain and France moved
troops in-Hitler would have probably backed down
no action taken <Map of Germany 1939
Slide presentation of Hitler’s Aggression to simulate Foreign Policy advisors
America stays Neutral
US recognizes the USSR-1933-used to try to check Japanese in Asia
Reciprocal Trade Agreements (1934)-President has the power to lower tariffs by 50%-Secretary of State-Cordell Hull-signed more than 20 of these
Good Neighbor Policy-continued the policy of Coolidge and Hoover
<Secretary of State Cordell Hull
Isolationism
Nye Committee-Gerald Nye-Senator from North Dakota
1934-investigated the reasons the United States entered World War I
findings-certain American Corporations, particularly those in banking and munitions, made a lot of money off WWI
???Corporations urged Wilson for war to profit
“merchants of death” to a lot of corporation
Gerald Nye
Neutrality Acts
First in 1935-once President declared a country at war, the United States could not ship or sell arms to them
Second in 1936-prohibits extending loans and credit as well
Third in 1937-extended to those in Civil War (Spanish Civil War)-1st and 2nd permanent
goods other than weapons on <“cash and carry” basis
Spanish Civil War
Army uprising against the Republican Government
Francisco Franco as a fascist leader backed by Hitler and Mussolini
vs. The Republican Government backed by the Soviets-US could not give full support because they looked Communist
US-Abraham Lincoln Brigade-3000 volunteers on Republican side
Hitler and Mussolini cement friendship for the Rome-Berlin Axis alliance
"Our regime is based on bayonets and blood, not on hypocritical elections."Francisco Franco
Isolationism challenged
“China Incident”-July 1937-China and Japan clash near Beijing-Japan took most of coast
US in favor of China-Japan called it an incident-Neutrality Act not invoked-
continue sending supplies, helped China to arm- built the Burma Road-700 miles long supply highway
Map of China Incident-Japan aggression
Isolationism Challenged
<Quarantine Speech-October 5, 1937
expressed fears of the international situation and behavior of Germany, Italy, Japan
wanted to isolate the aggressors with other Democracies in the world
most disagree with this position-not neutral anymore
Isolationism Challenged
<Panay Incident-December 12, 1937
Yangtze River-gunboat, and 3 oil tankers escorting-attacked without warning-2 servicemen killed-
legal right to be there-Japan apologized at once-pay and punish those responsible
US accepts-poll stated, one month after, 70% felt better to leave China than fight the Japanese
The Crisis Deepens
Hitler takes Austria in 1938- “Anchluss”- without opposition
Hitler threatens Czechoslovakia -excuse-3m Germans lived in the Sudetenland
Czechs refuse to give in-Soviet Union and French alliances
Hitler ultimatum-surrender or fight Hitler agrees to a conference to be held in
Munich-includes: <Hitler, Prime Minister-Neville Chamberlain (England), Premier Edward Daladier
dismember Czechoslovakia-Sudetenland to Germany, Poland and Hungary took some
postponed the war-APPEASEMENT Neville Chamberlain Speech
Hitler begins the Final Solution
Persecution of the Jews- 1933-national economic boycott forbidden to enter or remain in the
medical field, legal profession, or obtain business licenses
All Jewish teachers and civil service employees were fired
The Nuremberg Laws-1935-took away political rights and citizenship
expelled from German Schools and denied Medical care
segregated on trains and other transportation
<Nazi Book Burning of Jewish and Communist Authors in 1933
The Beginning of the Final Solution
The Nuremberg Laws (Continued) Could only shop during special
hours and had to be off the street at 8 PM
<all Jews over the age of 6 had to wear a star of David on their chest
Jews and “Aryans” (non-Jews to Hitler) were prevented from marrying
Jews who left Germany were not allowed to take any property
later-Jews had to register everything they owned
The Beginning of the Final Solution
Produced refugees-many German Jews hoped Nazis would go away
Great Britain agrees to accept 80,000 refugees-60,000 fled to US-little or no help from Roosevelt-already had a huge unemployment problem
those who did leave included-to US-<Albert Einstein, conductor Arturo Toscanini, author Thomas Mann, physicist Enrico Fermi, architect Walter Gropius
Albert Einstein speaking on the Holocaust
The Crisis Deepens
Japan continues assault on China, Indochina, and threatened the Philippines and East Indies
Hitler takes the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1938
Hitler threatens Poland-Allies draw the line here
Soviet Union-<Josef Stalin distrusts Britain and France
feared they wanted USSR to take full impact of Hitler attack
August 23, 1939-signs the Non-aggression Pact with Hitler
Hitler no longer fears Soviets demands land from Poland (refuses) -
attacks Poland
World War II Begins
On September 1, 1939- Hitler attacks Poland
Britain and France declared War on September 3, 1939
Roosevelt sided with the British but vowed to remain neutral
<invasion of Poland
The War in Europe
The Battle of France April, 1940-Denmark and
Norway are invaded a month later-Belgium,
Netherlands, Luxembourg, France
England’s Prime Minister-<Winston Churchill and France’s Premier Paul Reynard beg Roosevelt for help
can’t help them Battle of France strategy and
battle
The War in Europe
France surrenders-Hitler gets same car on the same spot at the same time for France to sign an armistice in as in 1918
Terms of Armistice-Germany gets-North of the Loire River, entire Atlantic Coast, remainder would be a “self-governed” area called Vichy France
World is stunned by blitzkrieg of France-only Britain stood between Hitler and the United States
The War in Europe
The Battle of Britain Air war-summer and autumn of
1940 2600 bombers-August 15-1000
bombed Britain every night for 2 months-
bombed London Radar saved Britain continue throughout the winter Japan joins the Axis <London during the Battle Winston Churchill’s Speech
America Prepares for War
US declares economic war Roosevelt is so concerned with
course of war-decides to break tradition
Runs for a third term-Republicans nominate <Wendell Wilkie-
Roosevelt wins on- “Your boys are not going to be sent to any foreign war.”