Post on 22-Feb-2016
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The Roaring 20’s
1919-President Wilson returns from Paris Peace Conference
Senate rejects Treaty of VersaillesU.S. negotiates a separate treaty with GermanyLeague of Nations went against policy of
isolationismWilson suffers a stroke1920 Presidential Election
James Cox (D) vs. Warren Harding (R)Harding promised a “A Return to Normalcy”Harding wins in a landslide
“A Return to Normalcy”
The Jazz AgeAfrican-American musicians bring Jazz music
north The FlappersConsumer productsRadio-KDKA in Pittsburgh (1921)Automobile-From 1.2 in 1913 to 26.2 million
in 1929Most popular brand is the Model TSports-Baseball-Babe Ruth
What made the 1920’s roaring?
18th Amendment (January 1919)bans the manufacturing, distribution, and selling of alcohol
Why prohibit alcohol?1 saloon for every 150-200 AmericansCompetition among saloon owners
caused other vice activities (gambling, numbers) to take place in the saloon
Reduce crimeReduce other social problems
Prohibition“The Noble Experiment”
Enforcement becomes difficultPossession of alcohol during prohibition
was still legalOrganized crime“Speakeasy”Bootlegging18th Amendment is repealed in 1933 with
the 21st Amendment
Causes-Communist takeover of Russia, Anti-German feelings after World War I, and labor issues
“Palmer raids” under Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer
Raids led by J. Edgar Hoover6,000 people arrested and questioned
between November 1919 and January 1920
Crackdown on civil liberties comes shortly after Schenck v. United States (1919)
The Red Scare
1920s-Increase in wagesOpen Shop vs. Closed Shop“Welfare Capitalism”Key Labor figure is John L. Lewis
(United Mine Workers)Unsuccessful strikes in Pennsylvania,
Kentucky, and West Virginia
Labor Issues
Marcus Garvey and the “Back to Africa” movement
Born in Jamaica and came to Harlem in 1916
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
Negro World Newspaper Permanent home in LiberiaArrested for mail fraud in 1919
Race
End of WWI causes a new wave of immigration to the United States
New immigrants were mainly Catholics and Jews from eastern and southern Europe
Prejudice from Protestants and isolationists
Concern that immigrants were taking away jobs and lowering wages
Quota Acts of 1921 and 1924Resurgence of the Ku Klux KlanNew Klan founded in 1915
Nativism
KKK not just strong in the SouthHostile towards blacks, Catholics, Jews,
foreigners, and suspected CommunistsWhite robesCross burning, whipping, tar and
feathering victimsFraud and corruption caused KKK’s
membership and influence to decline in the mid 1920s.
Bartolomeo Vanzetti and Nicola SaccoItalian immigrants living outside of BostonApril 15, 1920- Two people are killed
carrying a payroll deposit from a shoe factory to the bank
Eyewitnesses told police suspected criminal looked Italian
Sacco and Vanzetti were known anarchistsLanguage barrier at the trialBoth convicted and eventually executed in
1927
Sacco and Vanzetti
New Negro Movement by Alain LockeHarlem becomes a thriving area during the
1920’sKey figures-Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong,
Billy Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald, Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, Josephine Baker
Apollo TheaterCotton Club
The Harlem Renaissance
State of Tennessee v. Scopes (1925)High School biology teacher John Scopes was
accused of teaching evolution which violated Tennessee law
Like the Plessy case, it was a test case bought by the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union)
William Jennings Bryan vs. Clarence DarowCovered by the national mediaScopes found guilty but the verdict was later
overturnedScopes was never retried
Scopes-Monkey Trial
Charles LindberghMay 20-21, 1927-Lindbergh flew from Roosevelt Field
(Long Island) to Paris non stop3,600 miles in a single engine, single seat plane-“Spirit
of St. Louis”Orteig Prize-New York Hotel Owner Raymond Orteig
offered a $25,000 prize to any aviator who flew non stopSix previous pilots had lost their lives trying to cross the
AtlanticSuccess of Lindbergh’s flight leads to the development
of American commercial aviationTicker Tape Parade in Lower Manhattan
“Lucky Lindy”
Biggest scandal during President Harding’s administrationTeapot Dome, WyomingSeveral oil producing areas designated as Naval Oil
ReservesReserves were on public land1921-President Harding signs an executive order
transferring control of the oil reserves from the Navy Department to the Department of the Interior
DOI director Albert Fall then leased oil reserves to Henry Sinclair and Edward Doheny
Fall received over $400,000 in payments and giftsWall Street Journal exposed arrangement
Teapot Dome Scandal (1922-1923)
“The business of America is business”Calvin Coolidge takes over as President on
August 2, 1923Elected in 1924Laissez Faire EconomicsReduction of TaxesRejects subsidy for farmers
“Silent Cal”
Dawes Plan (August 1924)Designed to help Germany pay the $33
billion in reparations as required by the Treaty of Versailles
U.S. would give loans to Germany to help them pay the reparations
Foreign Policy
Uneven distribution of wealthOverproduction by business and
agricultureLower demand for consumer goodsBuying stock on marginStock Market Crash in October 1929Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)
The Start of the Great Depression