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SMALL RESERVOIRS TOOLKIT
A SenzanjeBioresources Engineering
University of KwaZulu-NatalPietermaritzburg, 3201
RSASenzanjeA@ukzn.ac.za
“If the only tool you have is a hammer, then you see all your problems as nails...” Abraham Maslow
“A solution in search of a problem…”
CAUTION – TOOLS & TOOLKITS!
Background to the SR Toolkit SR Toolkit main applications
Intervention Planning Application (1 case) + Linkage with Phase II
Water Quantification & Hydrology Health & Ecosystems
Exercise (1 case to try out) Management issues
Feedback/Discussion
Outline of Presentation
DEVELOPMENT From CPWF Phase I Project PN46 – Small Reservoirs
Project PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS
IWMI ZEF IRD WRI UZ (UKZN) TU-Delft SEI Embrapa DGIRH UFV
FUNDING CPWF GTZ
PUT TOGETHER M Andreini, T Schuetz & L Harrington
SR TOOLKIT INTRODUCTION …1
SMALL RESERVOIRS & RURAL LIVELIHOODS SR central to water provision for rural
communities Key feature of rural water supply infrastructure
TYPICAL USEAGE Truly MUS Domestic, livestock watering, small-scale
irrigation, gardening, small-scale fishing, brick making, wildlife, silt traps for larger dams, etc
SR TOOLKIT INTRODUCTION …2
SMALL RESERVOIRS ISSUES Planning & development (maybe) not so
properly done (cf large dams) Different players involved, different
developmental trajectories Not considered as systems – thought of in
local context Impact on hydrology not properly researched
or documented – based on numbers & density
SR TOOLKIT INTRODUCTION …3
SMALL RESERVOIRS QUESTIONS Ownership issues? Roles and responsibilities for O&M and R&M? Some falling into disrepair & functioning sub-
optimally? Possible conflicts over water use? Worthiness not quantified? MUS water productivity unknown? Ecosystems goods and services?
MORE QUESTIONS Socio-institutional – technical – economic –
environmental - etc
SR TOOLKIT INTRODUCTION …4
MAIN RESEARCH IDEA BEHIND TOOLKIT – Twin objectives Basin level objective
Promote & support SR planning, development and development satisfy water related ecosystems services
Local level objective Support use of SR that are properly located, well
designed, well maintained and operated rural livelihoods improvement
SR TOOLKIT INTRODUCTION …5
SOURCE MATERIALS FOR SR TOOLKIT Research from the 3 basins Literature material
Journal articles PG theses/dissertations Grey literature etc
Other research activities – directly & indirectly linked to SRP46
SR TOOLKIT INTRODUCTION …6
SR TOOLKIT MAIN PURPOSE Make information more ACCESSIBLE in a
USEABLE manner to practitioner SR Toolkit to complement “other” tools
TARGET USERS All involved in and with SRs
NGOs Government agencies Researchers – NARES, universities, etc Donor agencies Multilateral agencies
SR TOOLKIT …1
WHAT IS the SR TOOLKIT? Frameworks, tools, flowcharts, processes and
procedures, literature sources, suggestions/recommendations, …
How to…
SR TOOLKIT …2
SR TOOLKIT FORMAT – STANDARD THROUGHOUT [A] TITLE of TOOL
(Authors)
[B] TARGET USERS of TOOL
[C] SCOPE (Questions or challenges answered by the tool)
[D] DESCRIPTION & APPLICATION of TOOL
[E] LESSONS LEARNT & RECOMMENDATIONS
[G] LIMITATIONS of the TOOL
SR TOOLKIT …3
SR TOOLKIT – 33+ TOOLS I – INTERVENTION PLANNING [4]
I01 – I04 II – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY [5] +[8]
IIa01 – IIa05 IIb01 – IIb08
III – ECOSYSTEMS & HEALTH [9] + (2) III01 – III09
IV – INSTITUTIONS & ECONOMICS [7] IVa01 – IVa04 IVb01 – IVb03
SR TOOLKIT …4
SR TOOLKIT USEAGE …2012
SR TOOLKIT USEAGE …2014
Approx. 13000 visits/months
Website www.smallreservoirs.org
Requirements Stable internet connection
What is there? Project proposal Institutions involved Publications Photos Toolkit
Documentation describing each tool and how to apply it (pdf)
People to contact for follow-up References for that toolkit
Participants areas
SR Toolkit Access
SR TOOL I01 – INTERVENTION PLANNING Use of PIPA in research or intervention
planning bring about DESIRED OUTPUT
SR Toolkit Applications - PLANNING
[A] TITLE Participatory Impact Pathways Analysis
[B] SCOPE Tool to describe processes (what, how, etc, …, linkages) to
follow to enhance the uptake of research findings by target group desired OUTPUTS, OUTCOMES & IMPACTS see example!
[C] TARGET GROUP of the TOOL Project & program managers and coordinators Planners Implementers Researchers Stakeholders and beneficiaries
SR TOOL I01 – PIPA …1
[D] TOOL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATION Description of project impact pathways (IPs) from PROBLEM TREE &
NETWORK MAPS perspective Problem tree cause – effect Day 1 Network maps network perspectives (now & in the future) Day 2 Develop Outcome Logic Models (OLMs) and M&E Day3
[E] LESSONS LEARNT Application of tool for M&E of the SR project meant project became
more impact oriented PIPA components (problem tree, outputs, vision, network maps)
helped in planning & reviewing progress s towards research objectives
[F] LIMITATION of the TOOL Impact pathway methodology still being learnt and yet to be fully
understood and applied
SR TOOL I01 – PIPA …2
RESEARCH PROBLEM Seek for causes of failure and rehabilitation
requirements for small scale water infrastructure (SWI). Identifying, adapting, implementing, demonstrating,
promoting and provide training of various RWH structures on the production areas shall be assessed.
Identify the extent of institutional, policy and governance matters towards the causes of dysfunctionality of SWIs and lack of adoption of RWH technologies in the rural communities of the four Limpopo basin countries.
SR TOOL I01 APPLIED to L2 - LBDC
KEY 1ST OUTPUT OF L2 RESEARCH Definition and categorisation of small scale water
infrastructure See hand-out
WHY? To make sure that we are all talking the same language!
DOWNSTREAM USE (IMPACTS)? Interest of definition from many quarters, e.g., LIMCOM, etc
SR TOOL I01 APPLIED to L2 - LBDC
L2 Opportunities, outputs, actors and locationOpportunity Role of
researchOutput Next users End users Politically
important actors
Location
Optimization/revitalisation of existingdysfunctionalInfrastructure(WP1)
Analysis of reasons for failure and assessment of alternative options
Inventory of dysfunctional infrastructure and reasons for dysfuntionality
Government, NGO, Development agencies, private organizations
Farmers, rural communities,
Provincial & local government, traditional leaders,
SA Limpopo, ZIM Mat south
Small scaleinfrastructuredevelopment formultiple uses(WP3)
Identification of suitable technologies and range of options for crops, livestock and domestic use
Appropriate technology guidelines and production options. Piloted technologies
Extension workers, Government (SRM, IAE), NGO,
Farmers, rural communities
Provincial & local government, traditional leaders, Donors
SA, ZIM, BOT, MOZ
Opportunities, outputs, actors and locationOpportunity Role of
researchOutput Next users End users Politically
important actors
Location
Small reservoirs andinsitu water harvesting(WP4)
Develop appropriate and usable systems and options
Appropriate technology and use guidelines
Government, NGO, Donors, Private sector, Universities
Farmers, rural communities
Provincial & local government, traditional leaders
SA, ZIM, BOT, MOZ
Better use of greywater and harvestedwater for multiple use(WP4)
Develop appropriate technology for gray water use, quality management and ecosystem integrity
Guidelines for grey water use
Government, Municipalities, NGO, Donors, Private sector, Universities
Peri-urban and urban farmers, aquaculturalist, municipalities,
Municipality BOT, SA, ZIM, MOZ
Irrigation scheme(ALL)
Change in Knowledge, Attitude and/or Skills Change in Practice / Behaviour Impacts
Project outputs
Empowerment and ability to use technical briefs, knowledge
pamphlets, demonstrations and other other awareness raising activities for
rehabilitation, design and implementation
Sustainably implement, rehabilitate and manage improved small-scale SWIs and appropiate
RWH technologies
Improved rainwater productivity
L2 OUTCOME LOGIC MODEL
OUTCOMES
Do alternative design of SWIs that will foster MUS and appropriate
RWH technologies and new investments in the Limpopo basin
Farmers and rural communities
Provincial and Municipal governments, Traditional leaders and NGOs
More understanding of and skills to use various design and operations
options of SWIs Positive mindset on the value of
multiplier effects of MUS
Empowered / capacitated
researchers, students, farners
Pamphlets for investment options. More knowledge of various design
options of SWI for MUS
Policy makers and investors
Policies incorporated into development plans &
implementation support
Clear inventory in GIS database of
dysfunctional SWI, distribution and
reasons for dysfunctionality/failure
and rehabilitation guidelines
Design manuals for SWI and improved
rainwater management technologies
Economically sustainable MUS SWI
design and management
Improved yields and income for household
food security / l ivelihoods
See Technical Brief Hand-out: “LBDC (L2) Research Project’s Impact on Changes
in Stakeholders’ KAP”.
L2 RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS
SR TOOL I02 – STAKEHOLDER & CONFLICT ANALYSIS Tool helps to analyse stakeholders’ aims, goals
& interests in a developmental project
SR Toolkit Applications – PLANNING
SR TOOL I03 – CREATING COMMON GROUND FOR DIALOGUE Drawing tool to foster better communications
and bring about improved mutual understanding of issues by stakeholders
SR Toolkit Applications – PLANNING
SR TOOL I04 – OUTCOMES MAPPING – MONITORING CHANGE & OUTCOME Tool to help planners monitor the
implementation, adoption and changes in stakeholders’ attitudes, and behaviour, i.e., tracking behavioural changes in development programmes…
SR Toolkit Applications – PLANNING
SR TOOL IIa01 – RESERVOIR INVENTORY MAPPING Tool on use of satellite imagery to inventorise
SR in a basin or catchment – number, size and distribution.
SR Toolkit Applications – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY
SR TOOL IIa02 – ATLAS OF LAKES AND RESERVOIRS IN BURKINA FASO Tool for getting an inventory of reservoirs in an
area using secondary data (by generating metadata from official sources/reports).
SR Toolkit Applications – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY
SR TOOL IIa03 – SMALL RESERVOIR CAPACITY ESTIMATION Tool for using remotely sensed surface areas
(A) to estimate SR water volumes (V) through developed V = f(A) relationships.
SR Toolkit Applications – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY
SR TOOL IIa04 – NEAR-REAL-TIME MONITORING OF SR WITH REMOTE SENSING Tool on use of radar satellite imagery (not
affected by clouds) to monitor SR volumes fortnightly or monthly in a basin or catchment in near-real-time. Important during droughts (or even floods).
SR Toolkit Applications – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY
SR TOOL IIa05 – ASSESSING HYDROLOGICAL IMPACTS OF SR ENSEMBLES Tool (analytical framework) for use in assessing
the hydrological impacts of SR groups in an area. Impacts include evaporative losses, spillage, irrigation water use, and drainage water.
SR Toolkit Applications – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY
SR TOOL IIb01 – CALIBRATION OF RUNOFF MODELS WITH REMOTELY SENSED SRs Tool for a method to develop simple
hydrological models for dammed upland watersheds based on monitoring reservoir surface areas with radar remote sensing.
SR Toolkit Applications – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY
SR TOOL IIb02 – RAINFALL-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIPS FOR MOONSONAL CLIMATES Tool to develop simple water balance models
to predict river discharges in arid climates of Africa where you get a distinct dry season and drying of soil layers.
SR Toolkit Applications – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY
SR TOOL IIb03 – ASSESSING DEEP SEEPAGE IN SRs Tool provides a method for assessing deep
seepage (drainage) under SRs.
SR Toolkit Applications – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY
SR TOOL IIb04 – ESTIMATING EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM SRs Tool for estimating open surface evaporation
losses from SRs (evaporation losses are considered unproductive water loss).
SR Toolkit Applications – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY
SR TOOL IIb05 – WATER QUANTITY ASSESSMENT OF SILTED-UP SRs Tool to estimate amount of water stored in
silted-up SRs in the Limpopo basin.
SR Toolkit Applications – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY
SR TOOL IIb06 – RADIONUCLIDE TRACER METHOD TO ESTIMATE EROSION & SEDIMENTATION AT HILLSLOPE AND SRs SCALE Tool for using measurements of 137Cs
concentration in soil samples collected from the watershed to estimate soil erosion losses from fields and that deposited in SRs.
SR Toolkit Applications – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY
SR TOOL IIb07 – MODELLING SOIL EROSION AT SR SCALE USING WaTEM/SEDEM tool uses soil erosion models to simulate soil
erosion and sedimentation rates at the catchment scale and to produce soil erosion hazard maps.
SR Toolkit Applications – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY
SR TOOL IIb08 – IDENTIFYING SEDIMENTATION BULGES & SRs SILTATION RATES USING BATHYMETRIC MEASUREMENTS & CORING OF LAKE SEDIMENTS Tool presents approaches/methods using
bathymetric surveys and lake sediment retrievals to monitor changes in reservoir morphology, to measure the thickness of accumulated soil particles, and to calculate siltation rates.
SR Toolkit Applications – STORAGE & HYDROLOGY
SR TOOL III01 – PARTICIPATORY HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT (PHIA) Tool provides step-wise guidelines intended to
reduce the health risks and increase the health benefits from SRs. Focus is on major water-related diseases associated with SRs in Africa, plus: Added value of community participation in health
assessment Opportunities to mitigate health risks & improve
health through better planning & operation of SRs
SR Toolkit Applications – ECOSYSTEM & HEALTH
SR TOOL III02 – HEALTH QUESTIONAIRRE FOR SCHOOL SURVEYS FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH Tool describes the use of school surveys, an
important tool that supports both participatory and biomedical research
SR Toolkit Applications – ECOSYSTYEM & HEALTH
SR TOOL III03 – EPIDEMIOLGICAL SURVEYS FOR BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH Tool uses standard biomedical methodologies
to determine infection rates for key water-related (or “reservoir-related”) diseases including schistosomiasis and other intestinal parasites, and malaria
SR Toolkit Applications – ECOSYSTEM & HEALTH
SR TOOL III04 – VECTOR STUDIES TOOL Tool describes the use of selected methods to
help stakeholders understand the ecological preferences of vector organisms in relation to small reservoirs.
SR Toolkit Applications – ECOSYSTEM & HEALTH
SR TOOL III05 – WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT TOOL Tool describes selected methods for assessing
the suitability of reservoir water quality. It covers: Biological (parasites, cysts, coliforms, etc) Chemical (EC, chemical)
SR Toolkit Applications – ECOSYSTEM & HEALTH
SR TOOL III06 – BLUE GREEN ALGAE ASSESSMENT TOOL IN SRs Tool aims to contribute to a better
understanding of blue green algae (cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins, photosynthetic prokaryotes) in SRs in less developed countries in tropical basins
SR Toolkit Applications – ECOSYSTEM & HEALTH
SR TOOL III07 – AGRICULTURAL INTENSIFICATION AND ECOLOGICAL THREATS TO SRs Tool demonstrates how to begin the process of
analysing the impact of mans activities on the reservoirs.
SR Toolkit Applications – ECOSYSTEMS & HEALTH
SR TOOL III08 – WATER QUALITY MONITORING IN SRs USING PLANKTON ABUNDANCE & DIVERSITY Tool uses plankton (zooplankton and
phytoplankton) abundance and diversity to measure water quality. Changes in abundance and diversity of these organisms represent direct and profound responses to pollution entering reservoirs.
SR Toolkit Applications – ECOSYSTEMS & HEALTH
SR TOOL III09 – PARTICIPATORY DEFINITION OF INDICATORS FOR HEALTH & THE ENVIRONMENT Tool uses mutually agreed indicators to facilitate
communication among key stakeholders to assist in better planning & management of SRs. Indicators from various sources can be tailored to suit local conditions. Example indicators: Water resources Water use Water quality Status of natural resources Agricultural production
SR Toolkit Applications – ECOSYSTEMS & HEALTH
[A] TITLE Impacts of reservoirs: Participatory definition of
indicators for health & environment [B] SCOPE
Need to develop mutually agreed indicators for health & the environment using local expertise, experiences, knowledge to facilitate communication among concerned key stakeholders
[C] TARGET GROUP Health professionals, researchers, planners, designers,
builders, managers, and users of SRs Tool requires disciplinary expertise
SR TOOL III09 TRIAL EXERCISE…1
[D] TOOL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATION Understand definition of ‘impact’ = change due to SRs Identify levels of IMPACT based on thematic groups & effects
Water resource, mobilisation, management issue Health disease, risk, hygiene Environment soil, fauna, flora, water properties Agric production system crops, irrigation, livestock, fisheries, etc Socio-economics income, immigration, gender, infrastructure,
labour, etc Select robust indicators of impact based on how well they meet
relevant criteria Feasibility Reliability Reproducibility Frequency Quality Coverage Appropriateness Multi-disciplinarity (See Table 2)
SR TOOL III09 TRIAL EXERCISE…2
[D] TOOL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATION …(cont.) Develop impact indicators
These should indicate state of the system before &/or after the impacts of any change are realised
Can be qualitative or quantitative – represent reality Finally select key indicators
SR TOOL III09 TRIAL EXERCISE…3
Theme Impact Key impact indicator
Water Water resources Volume imponded
Water quality Microbial analysis
Water use Water consumed
[D] TOOL DESCRIPTION & APPLICATION …(cont.) Expert indicators
[E] LESSONS LEARNT Indicators derived are site-specific, practical and more
relevant
[F] LIMITATIONS of the TOOL Indicator list is never complete With time circumstances change, so …
SR TOOL III09 TRIAL EXERCISE…4
EXERCISE Identify key applicable indicators for Case Study
II given to you
NOTE Developed indicators need not be total or complete
but for you to get a feel of going through the full use of the tool.
SR TOOL III09 TRIAL EXERCISE…5
SR TOOL IVa01 – WEAP MODEL INCLUDING PARAMETER ESTIMATION (PEST) Modelling tool (WEAP) for water planning and
allocation applicable at multiple scales, from community to catchment to basin. WEAP Model: Uses scenarios to evaluate different water allocation
possibilities Can be linked to groundwater model (MODFLOW) Can be linked to water quality model (QUAL2K) Can be linked to socio-economic models for rural
livelihoods assessments based on water allocation
SR Toolkit Applications – INSTITUTIONS & ECONOMICS
SR TOOL IVa02 – FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING MODEL Tool is to convert the outputs of a water planning
model (like WEAP) into variables useful for decision-making by planners and farmers. The tool is designed for the following purposes: to estimate the initial and recurring farm-level costs
of water-related infrastructure, including capital investment and amortization, and operational expenses and to estimate the price and income consequences
for farmers of increased production (higher yields, increased planted area) of particular crops
SR Toolkit Applications – INSTITUTIONS & ECONOMICS
SR TOOL IVa03 – WATER-LIMITED YIELD MODEL Tool estimating the effect on yields of climate
and weather (deviations from average rainfall patterns such as drought; climate change) and to estimate the effect on yields and water consumption of improved irrigation practices.
It models crop yields under water-limited conditions and irrigation efficiency for different irrigation techniques.
SR Toolkit Applications – INSTITUTIONS & ECONOMICS
SR TOOL IVa04 – SRs WATER ALLOCATION STRATEGIES BASED ON WATER PRODUCTIVITY Tool uses estimates of water productivity and
social values to inform decisions on the allocation of scarce water resources.
The tool shows how estimates of water productivity can help in the evaluation of the socio-economic contributions of small multiple-use reservoirs
SR Toolkit Applications – INSTITUTIONS & ECONOMICS
SR TOOL IVb01 – INSTITUTIONS & GOVERNANCE OF SRs WATER RESOURCES Tool describes the methods used to answer a
specific question: “Which indigenous practices, legal frameworks and institutions are most conducive to equitable, win-win, and pro-poor investments within sub-Saharan African transboundary basins”?
It describes case studies on transboundary issues and local water governance institutions from the Volta & Limpopo Basins
SR Toolkit Applications – INSTITUTIONS & GOVERNANCE
SR TOOL IVb02 – INFLUENCE NETWORK MAPPING (NET MAP) Net-Map is an interview-based mapping tool
that helps stakeholders understand, visualize, discuss, monitor, evaluate and improve situations in which many different actors influence outcomes.
Toolkit includes a theoretical framework and two case studies one on organizational learning in multi-stakeholder water governance, and the other one on Research on Fisheries Management in Small Multipurpose Reservoirs
SR Toolkit Applications – INSTITUTIONS & GOVERNANCE
SR TOOL IVb03 – SOCIAL CAPITAL Tool describes a method to assess and analyse
social networks within a community to determine how cooperation in that community influences “who participates, and how” in the development of a collective good such as a small reservoir
SR Toolkit Applications – INSTITUTIONS & GOVERNANCE
RESULT Genuine effort at providing useable tools SR Toolkit being used (?) or being visited
FUTURE Can be improved (by who & when?) Will continue to be a good reference point
CONCLUSIONS
KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTS & INFOGRAPHICS Info briefs Technical briefs Policy briefs Reports & guidelines
TARGET AUDIENCE All levels
PHASE II