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Pali Lehohla, Statistician-General#StatsSA
Vulnerable Groups Series ii: The Social Profile of Older Persons,
2011-2015
AboutthisReport
3
2
1 Profiles the dynamics of living circumstances of elderly persons in South Africa using secondary data from Stats SA.
Provides insight into socio-economic and demographic trends of older persons over a period of 5 years.
Informs policies for persons aged 60 years and older
DataSources
GHS2011&2015
CommunitySurvey
2007&2016
Census1996,2001,&2011
QLFSQ3:2011&Q3:2016
Mid- yearPopulationEstimates2016
MortalityandCausesofDeath
Victimsofcrime2014/15
IncomeandExpenditure2010/2011
Demographic Profiles of the Elderly
AgedPopulationGrowthOverTime
7,3% 7,8% 8,0% 8,1%
2001 2007 2011 2016Source: Census 2001, CS 2007, Census 2011, CS 2016
Nationally,theelderly populationincreasedovertime.
Withover4,5million in2016,theelderlyaccountedforjustover8%oftheSouthAfricanpopulation.
ProvincialGrowthPatternsAmongstOlderPersons
14,1%
-11,7%
15,9%
7,4%3,4%
2,9%
38,6%
4,0%
-6,1%
9,0%
-20,0
-10,0
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
WC EC NC FS KZN NW GP MP LP RSA
Source:Census2011,CS2016
Gautengprovincehasthehighestproportionofelderly
EasternCapeandLimpopo observedlargerpercentagedecreases
Theelderlypopulation
increasedby9,0%between2011and2016
40,1%
45,5%
43,7%
42,6%
41,9%
40,2%
39,1%
36,7%
34,4%
32,8%
59,9%
54,5%
56,3%
57,4%
58,1%
59,8%
60,9%
63,3%
65,6%
67,2%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
RSA
GP
WC
NW
NC
MP
FS
KZN
EC
LP
Male Female
Percentagedistributionofolderpersonsbyprovinceandgender,2016
Thefemalepopulationdecreasedslightlyfrom60,3%to59,9%between2011and2016.Theelderlyinallprovinceswerestillproportionatelymorelikelytobefemalethanmale.
Source: CS 2016
Percentagedistributionofolderpersonsbyprovinceandpopulationgroup,2016
ThepredominanceofblackAfricansamongsttheelderly,wasmostlyobservedinprovincessuchasLimpopo(93,9%),Mpumalanga(87,4%)andNorthWest(84,1%).
Source:CS2016
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
WesternCape
NorthernCape
Gauteng
KwaZulu-Natal
FreeState
EasternCape
NorthWest
Mpumalanga
Limpopo
Blackafrican Coloured Indian/asian White
1000000 500000 0 500000 1000000
60-64
65-69
70-74
75-79
80-84
85+
Male Female
Source: Census 2001
Male Female
AgeStructure
Bothincreaseandfeminisationamongtheelderly
CS2016
Census2011
FemaleMale
Theagegroup60–64containedthelargestproportionofolderpersons,
AgeingIndex
Theageingindexiscalculatedasthenumberofpersons60yearsoldoroverperhundredpersonsunderage15
AgeingIndexbyPopulationGroup
84
33
21 19 23
130
57
32
2027
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
White IndianorAsian Coloured BlackAfrican RSA
20012016
Between2001and2016,theageingindexamongstthewhitepopulationgroupincreased from84to130
BlackAfricanshadthelowestageingindexrelativetoallotherpopulationgroups(lowerproportionsofolderpersonstochildren)andhighlightstheyouthfulnessofblackAfricanpopulationinthecountry
Source: Census 2011, CS 2016
SexRatiosbyAgeGroup
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 74 75 - 79 80 - 84 85+ 60+
SEXRA
TIOS
2011 2016Source: Census 2011, CS 2016
Themajority ofolderpersonsarewomen,andfemalepredominancetendstoincreasewithage.
Sexratioswerealmostbalanced fortheagegroup60– 64with(79menper100women)in2011and(81menper100women)in2016.
SexRatio:thenumberofmalesper100females.
Total
CharacteristicsOf Households
Male 45,7% 43,8%
Female 54,3% 56,2%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2011 2015
ProportionsofElderlyHeadedHouseholds
Between2011and2015therewasanincreaseintheproportionofhouseholdsheadedbyolderfemales(from54,3%to56,2%)andadeclineinproportionofmaleheadedhouseholds.
ProportionsofElderlyHeadedHouseholds
56,6%
77,4%
43,4%
22,6%
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
Male Female
2011Urban 2011Rural
60,0%
74,7%
40,0%
25,3%
Male Female
2015Urban 2015Rural
Mostelderlywhoarelivingalone,liveinurbanareasregardlessofgender.
Between2011and2015,therewasaslightincreaseinthepercentageofmenlivingaloneinurbanareasandanincreaseofwomenlivingaloneinruralareas.
Source:GHS2011&2015
ElderlyLivingAlone
Ahigherproportionoffemaleswerelivingindependently/aloneinatleasteightofthenineprovincesin2011andseven ofthenineprovincesin2015.
WesternCapeprovincerecordedthehighestproportionsoffemaleswhowerelivingalone
in2015at 63,4%,a
dropof17,2percentagepoints,from80,6%in2011
ElderlyLivingWithSpouses
47,4%50,2%
46,6% 46,3%48,7% 48,8%
46,4%
52,9%47,7%
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
WC EC NC FS KZN NW GP MP LP
Male Female
In2015,EC(50,2%)andMP(52,9%)recordedhigherproportionsoffemaleswhowerelivingwiththeirspouseswhencomparedtootherprovinces.
Source:GHS2015
Howdowedefinehouseholdstructure?
Complexhouseholdsareallhouseholdswithmemberswhoarenotrelatedtothehouseholdhead.
UnitedNationsStatisticsDivision– DemographicandSocialStatistics:http://unstats.un.org
Asinglehouseholdisaone-personhousehold.
Nuclearhouseholdsaredefinedas‘householdsconsistingofhouseholdheads,theirspousesandoffspring’
Extendedhouseholdwouldincludeotherrelativesinadditiontothenucleus.
ElderlyHouseholdStructure
1,5%
14,1%
17,5%
67,0%
Complex
Single
Nuclear
Extended
Black/African
4,5%
9,0%
32,5%
54,1%
Complex
Single
Nuclear
Extended
Coloured
0,9%
14,4%
58,0%
26,8%
Complex
Single
Nuclear
Extended
Indian/Asian
3,1…
32,3%
53,0%
11,7%
Complex
Single
Nuclear
Extended
WhiteWhitesweretheleastlikelytolivein
extendedhouseholds.
Only11,7%ofhouseholdsheadedbytheelderlywereclassifiedasextended.
In2011,40,3%livedinextendedhouseholds,butby2015only26,8wereinextendedfamilies.
MostsignificantchangetookplaceamongsttheIndian/Asianelderly.
BlackAfricanselderlywerethemostlikelytoliveinextendedhouseholds.
Colouredelderlywerethemostlikelytoliveinextendedhouseholds.
Source:GHS2015
IntergenerationalHouseholdTypes
7,1%
9,3%
45,5%
32,1%
6,1%
10,3%
17…
21,3%
35,6%
15,2%
8,9%
10,4%
44,1%
30,8%
5,9%
12,5%
19,0%
20,7%
33,3%
14,4%
Other
Singlegeneration
Doublegeneration
Triplegenerationormore
Skipgeneration
2011SAhouseholds 2011Elderlyhouseholds 2015SAhouseholds 2015Elderlyhouseholds
Percentagedistributionofolderpersonsacrossintergenerationalhouseholds
*Skipgenerationhouseholdsweremoreprevalent(above10%)amongsthouseholdsheadedbytheelderlythanamongSouthAfricanhouseholdsingeneral.
*Skippedgeneration:whenagenerationisskippedornotpresentinahouseholdSource:GHS2011&2015
HouseholdGenerationalTypeAmongtheElderly
11,7%
8,4%
17,5%
42,7%
19,7%
7,2%
13,6%
32,4%
37,9%
9,0%
9,2%
28,5%
37,2%
20,4%
4,8%
17,7%
51,1%
22,7%
5,9%
2,6%
Other
Singlegeneration
Doublegeneration
Triplegenerationormore
Skipgeneration
African/Black Coloured Indian/Asian White
TripleormoregenerationhouseholdsweremostlycommonamongstblackAfricanandcoloured populationgroups
ElderlyfromIndian/Asianandwhitepopulationgroupsweremostlikelytolivein*single-generationhouseholds
*Aone-(orsingle)generationhousehold:consistsofpeopleofthesameagegroup:amarriedorcohabitingcouple,asingleperson,siblings,orroommates
Source:GHS2011&2015
Ratioofchildrentoolderpersons,inhouseholdsheadedbytheelderlybysex,2015
0,75
1,37
1,10
0,00
0,20
0,40
0,60
0,80
1,00
1,20
1,40
1,60
Male Female Bothsexes
Nationally,theratioofchildrentoolderpersonswasvisiblyhigheramongstfemales(1,37)thanmales(0,75).Thisindicatesthathouseholdsheadedbyolderwomenweremorelikelytoresideorcareforchildrenthanmen.
Source:GHS2015
Migration Patterns
MigrationRatesGautengprovincehadthehighestinfluxofolderpersonsfromotherprovincesincludingthosewhoarecomingfromoutsideSouthAfrica,withanin-
migrationrateof413,7 per1000population PosesgrowingburdensforeconomicsupportandhealthcaresystemonGauteng
Source: CS 2016
NetMigrationRates
WC EC NC FS KZN NW GP MP LPNet-migrationrate 211,8 -193,5 -274,6 -326,9 -35,3 229,7 315,9 -82,8 -175,2
-400,0
-300,0
-200,0
-100,0
0,0
100,0
200,0
300,0
400,0
Netm
igratio
nratesp
er1000po
pulatio
n
Source : CS 2016
Gauteng, North West and Western Cape experienced thelargest positive net migration rates. These provincesreceived large proportions of older persons from otherprovinces and had less out-migrants.
WC NW
GP
ECNC
FS
KZN MP
LP
Education
LP73,6%
MP70,1%
KZN55,5%
EC52,8%
FS52,7%
NW55,3%
NC51,2%
WC23,8%
GP30,0%
FunctionalIlliteracyintheElderly,byProvince,2016
FunctionalilliteracyamongsttheelderlyinSA
stoodat47,0%Thiswasadeclinefrom62,6%in1996
74%
70%
55%
53%
56%
51%
47%
53%
30%
24%
87%
81%
71%
70%
69%
63%
63%
62%
38%
31%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
2016 1996
DecreaseinFunctionalIlliteracyintheElderly,byProvince,1996- 2016
20161996
LargestreductionsinilliteracywererecordedinECandNorthWest
HighestratesoffunctionalilliteracywerefoundinLimpopoandMpumalanga
LP
MP
WC
GP
FS
RSA
NC
EC
KZN
NW
PercentagePointChangesinHighestEducationalAttainmentoftheElderly
The biggest decreases between 1996 and 2016 took place in no schooling with a 23,1 percentage point decrease in the country
-23%
8%
1%
3%
6%
4%
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10
NoSchooling
SomePrimary
Primary
SomeSecondary
MatricOnly
Tertiary
NoSchooling
Thebiggestdecreasesbetween1996and2016tookplaceinnoschoolingwitha23,1percentagepointdecreaseinthecountry
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Noschooling Someprimary Completedprimary
Somesecondary
Grade12/Standard10
Higher
BlackAfrican Coloured Indian/Asian White
HighestLevelofEducationintheElderly,2016
Morethanaquarterofthewhiteelderlypopulationhaveatleastsometertiaryeducation,comparedtootherpopulationgroups
TheBlackAfricanpopulationgroupcontinuestohavethelowestpercentageofelderly(7,6%)withGrade12orhigher.
BlackAfricansaremorelikelytohavenoeducationorsomeprimaryastheirhighesteducationalattainment.
Income generation, employment and poverty levels
Elderly living without an employed household member
Unemployed females were more likely to live with an elderly person
49,8
54,2
52,5
47,8
52,5
50,7
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
Male Female RSA
2011
2015
More than half of elderly persons live with unemployed household members
44,5%
64,8%
43,7%
63,0%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Urban Rural
2011
2015
Householdswithnoemployedmembers,containingelderly,weremorelikelytobefoundinrural thaninurbanareas
Elderly Living Without an Employed Household Member
SourcesofIncome
42,2%
33,2%
11,1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Urban Rural
Grants Salaries/wages/commission Other
80,8%ofelderlyinruralareasarehighlydependentongrants
Salaries/wages/commissionswerethesecondmainsourcesofincomeforelderlyheadedhouseholdsinbothruralandurbanareas
In2015therewere3,1millionoldagegrantrecipients
AccesstoGrantsbyProvince,2015
48,9%
54,4%
70,9%
77,3%
77,5%
79,7%
79,9%
82,3%
89,0%
0,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 50,0 60,0 70,0 80,0 90,0 100,0
WesternCape
Gauteng
FreeState
NorthernCape
Mpumalanga
NorthWest
Kwazulu-Natal
EasternCape
Limpopo
Nationally,70%oftheelderly,receiveanold-agegrant
The Western Cape had the lowest number of old-age grant recipients
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (AVG)RSA
Receivingoldagegrants Notreceivingoldagegrants ReceivingPensions NotreceivingPensions
Distributionofold-agegrantandpensioncoverageovertimeforpersons60yearsandolder,2003and2015
Source:GHS2003-2015
Priorto2008,ahighernumberofelderlypersonswerenotbenefitingfromold-agegrants.
Thedistributionofpensionbeneficiariesincreased slightlybetween2010and2015,with10,7percentofolderpersonsreportingin2015toberecipientsofpensions,comparedto90,3%whoreportedtobenon-recipients.
Labour marketcomponentsforolderpersonsbyprovince,2016
92,2%
90,8%
89,4%
89,4%
88,0%
86,5%
86,2%
85,1%
80,4%
7,4%
9,0%
9,2%
10,4%
11,3%
13,2%
13,2%
14,4%
18,6%
0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0
NW
EC
FS
KZN
MP
NC
LP
WC
GP
NEA Employed Unemployed
Thelabourforce,whichcomprisestheemployedandunemployed,accountedforlessthan15%ofthemarketshare
In2016,Gauteng(18,6%)andWesternCape (14,4%),recordedthehighestpercentagesofelderlypersonsinemploymentcomparedtootherprovinces.
TheNEAaccountedfor86,5%ofthelabourinthethirdquarterof2016
Source:QLFS.Q32016
Life Expectancy, Health Status and Mortality
Lifeexpectancyatbirth,ofmalesandfemales,2002to2016
53,6
59,756,6
65,1
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Male Female
Lifeexpectancybysex
Years
Source:StatisticsSouthAfrica,P0302,Mid-yearpopulationestimates2016
MembershipofaMedicalAidSchemebyPopulationGroup
6,0% 16,6%
33,9%
73,5%
17,5%
BlackAfrican Coloured Indian/Asian White SA
Persons60yearsandolderwhoarecoveredbyamedicalaidormedicalbenefitschemeorotherprivatehealthinsuranceishighestamongstwhiteelderlyandIndians/Asians
Nationalaverage
Typeofhealthfacilitiesnormallyusedbyhouseholdheadsaged60yearsandolder,byprovince,2015
Themajorityofelderlyinallprovinces,exceptWesternCapeandGauteng,makeuseofpublicclinicsfortheirhealthcareneeds.
84,8
75,371,8 71,3 71,1
67,2
59,1
46,7
22,4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
LP EC NW KZN MP NC FS GP WC
PublicClinic PrivateHospital PublicHospital
MostCommonMedicalConditionsAmongsttheElderly
37,9%– Highbloodpressure– 50%
4,4%– Diabetes – 16,6%
7,1%– Arthritis – 18%
Allthreeofthesediseasesaremorecommonamongstfemalesthanmales
Top 5 Causes of Death of the Elderly
Naturalcauses
CirculatorySystem
Diseaseoftherespiratorysystem
Neoplasms
Endocrine,nutritionalandmetabolicdiseases
97,0%
29,7%
14,9%
12,3%
11,3%
1
2
3
4
5
60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-124
DiseasesoftheCirculatorySystemMales
DiseasesoftheCirculatorySystemFemales
60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-124
NeoplasmsMales NeoplasmsFemales
Percentage of male and female individuals 60 years and older who died from some of the main underlying causes of death, by five year age groups, 2014
Thefiguresshowthattheprobabilityofdyingfromadiseaseofthecirculatorysystemincreasedwithage,forbothmenandwomen.
Whiletheprobabilityofneoplasmsdeclinedamongstfemaleswithage,theprobabilityofdyingofneoplasmsinmalesincreaseduntilage79andthendeclined.
Neoplasm:Anewandabnormalgrowthoftissueinapartofthebody,especiallyasacharacteristicofcancer.
CirculatorySystem Neoplasms
Source:CausesofDeath2015
Crime and Victimisation
Safety of the Elderly
Black African Coloured Indian/Asian White RSADuring day 2011 70,2 71,2 49,7 60,6 68During day 2015/2016 69,7 55,5 48,9 57,9 66,1At night 2011 37,5 45,7 24,5 44,3 39,1At night 2015/2016 32,2 44,3 27,7 31,8 32,9
Percen
tage
Duringthepast5years,feelingsofsafetyduringthedayandnighthavedeclinedforallfourpopulationgroups.
Percentagedistributionofhouseholdheadsaged60yearsandolderwhofeelsafewalkingduringthedayandatnightintheareawheretheylivebypopulationgroup,2011and2015/16
TheIndian/Asianelderlyfeelmostunsaferegardlessofwhetheritisduringthedayoratnight
Source:VOCS2011,2015/2016
Victimisation
1,0
1,1
0,8
4,6
1,3
1,3
1,9
4,0
0,6
1,0
1,5
3,3
0,9
1,1
1,7
3,6
Theftfromcar
Homerobbery
Theftoflivestock
Housebreaking/burglary
Elderly Elderlyfemales Elderlymales RSA
Householdsheadedbytheelderlyhadasimilarlikelihoodthanhouseholdsingeneraltobethevictimsofhomerobbery
Householdsheadedbyolderpersonsweremorelikelytobevictimsoflivestocktheft,withmaleheadedhouseholdshavingabiggerprobabilityoffallingvictimthanfemaleheadedhouseholds.
Household Basic Services
Dwellingtypeofhouseholdsheadedbypersonsaged60yearsandolder,2011and2016.
82,5%
12,3% 4,6%
84,9%
9,9% 4,7%
Formal Traditional Informal
2011 2016
TherewasaslightincreaseinthepercentageofolderpersonswhowerelivinginformaldwellingsacrossallprovincesexceptLimpopo.
Source:Census2011,CS2016
Percentagedistributionofpersonsaged60yearsandolderbyaccesstobasicserviceandgeographytype,2011and2015
Urban Rural Urban Rural2011 2015
Access to piped water 96,0 34,3 95,6 34,1Improved Sanitation 95,0 41,6 96,4 62,3Refuse/ Waste 91,4 4,2 91,3 5,8Electricity 96,9 78,8 97,2 87,8
0,010,020,030,040,050,060,070,080,090,0
100,0
Perc
enta
ge
Source: GHS 2011, GHS 2015
Thepercentageofolderpersonswhohadaccesstoimprovedsanitationincreasedinruralareasby21,1 percentagepoints.
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