Post on 31-Jul-2020
transcript
The Strengths and Weaknesses of Geneva Apple
Rootstocks
Terence Robinson, Gennaro Fazio, Herb Aldwinckle Dept. of Horticulture, Cornell University Geneva, New York, 14456
USDA-ARS, Plant Genetics Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456
Leo Dominguez, Rafael Parra, Darius Kviklys, Brent Black, Richard Adams, Stuart Adams, Tom Auvil, Ian Merwin
Keys to Successful New Apple Orchards
• Plant high-tree densities (optimum 1,000-
1800 trees/acre).
• Produce high early yields (3,000 bu/acre
over the first 5 years).
• Grow the trees rapidly to fill the allotted
space in the first 3 years.
• Produce high mature yields (>1200
bu/acre) of high quality fruit.
• Poor tree growth due to replant disease in
the first 3 years jeopardizes the economic
success of the new orchard.
Strengths: 1) Apple Replant Disease Tolerance
Geneva Replant Disease Evaluation of 38 Genotypes
Kviklys et al
Rootstock Tolerance to Replant Disease in Potted Trees
Kviklys et al
Field Tolerance to Replant Disease at 8 Locations in North America
Robinson et al.
0
10
20
30
G.1
6
G.4
1
G.4
210
B.9
G.3
0
M.9
T33
7
G.2
10
G.9
35
G.11
M.9
Pajam
2
M.7
M.2
6
% I
ncr
ease
in
TC
A d
ue
to F
um
iga
tion
Growth of Gala in a Replant SoilWashington State
Data from Auvil et al. 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
G.9
35
G.4
1 G
.16
B.9
G
.214
M
.9Paj
2 M
.26
Supp
2 G
.11
Supp
3 Su
pp1
M.9
Nic
29
% I
ncr
ease
in
Gro
wth
du
e to
Fu
mig
ati
on
Early Yield Improvement of Gala due to Fumigation in a Replant Soil
Washington State
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
G.9
35
G.2
14
G.4
1
M.9
Paj2
Bud
.9
G.1
6
Sup1
M.9
Nic
29
M.2
6
G.11
Sup3
Sup2
% I
ncr
ease
in
Yie
ld d
ue
to
Fu
mig
ati
on
Rootstock
WAPATO 2006-2007 Cumulative Yield Per Tree (Kg)
Data from Fazio
Summary of Replant Resistance Studies
Study G.11 G.41 G.214 G.935 G.210 G.30 M.9 M.26
Robinson 1991 -- T -- T R R S S
Isutsas 2000 S -- -- -- R R -- --
Laurent 2010 -- S -- R R S S R
Kviklys 2012 R R R T -- R S S
White 2000 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- R
Robinson 2012 T R -- T T R T S
Auvil 2010(Wapato) T R T R -- -- -- T
Auvil 2010(Chelan) -- R -- R -- -- S S
Average T R R R R R S S
Summary• Several Geneva® rootstocks appear to have tolerance/resistance to
apple replant disease. – G.11
– G.41
– G.214
– G.935
– G.202
– G.210
• The resistance may be due to the initial screening for Phytopthora
disease which may also have selected for tolerance to other soil
microorganisms.
• Resistant rootstocks show an improvement in yield due to fumigation.
• The variation around the world in soil organisms which cause apple
replant disease may result in variable orchard results with the resistant
rootstocks.
2. Fire Blight Resistance
Infection
• Infection of Rootstocks is a Major
Problem in the USA
• Infection of susceptible rootstocks
results in the death of the tree
The Geneva® rootstocks
are much more resistant
to fire blight than most
other rootstocks.
Rootstock Blight Development after Inoculation of Gala Trees on
Various Rootstocks
Summary of Fire Blight Inoculation Trials
• G.16, G.41, G.214 and G.202 are highly resistant to fire blight
but may not be resistant to all strains of fire blight.
• G.11, G.65 and G.935 are resistant to field inoculations of the
scion with fire blight.
3. Yield potential of the Geneva Rootstocks
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Bud
9
CG
4003
G11
M93
37
M9P
ajam
2
Bud
10
G41
M26
Sup3
G93
5
CG
4214
CG
5202
CG
4814
CG
5087
G20
2
CG
4004
CG
4013
Bud
6753
2
CG
3001
5-Y
ear
Cu
mu
lati
ve
Yie
ld (
t/h
a)
Example
G.814=152t/ha
B.9=77t/ha
Diff.=75t/ha
Value=$56,850/ac
Honeycrisp
Performance of Golden Delicious with Geneva Rootstocks after 10
years (Cahoon Plot)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
M2
7C
G2034
CG
4202
JM4
CG
4088
CG
5757
CG
2406
CG
2022
CG
5030
CG
11
M9
CG
3007
PiA
u5111
CG
4003
CG
6874
CG
4214
M26
JM10
CG
4004
CG
7480
CG
4019
CG
4049
CG
6969
CG
5087
CG
5202
CG
8534
CG
4814
JM1
CG
4011
CG
5935
CG
6006
CG
5257
MM
106
CG
5012 M
7C
G6210
CG
6879
CG
8189
PiA
u514
PiA
u568
CG
6976
B118
CG
5890
CG
6001
CG
6253
CG
4013
JTE
BJM
2
CG
4213
JTE
CC
G5463
CG
6589
CG
6024
Tru
nk
X-S
ect.
Are
a (
cm2)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Yie
ld E
ffic
ien
cy (
kg/c
m2T
CA
)
Performance of Fuji with 53 Rootstocks (Crist Bros. Plot)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
P.22
G.6
5
B.9
Eu
rope
B.9
US
A
M.2
7
G.1
1
CG
.30
07
G.4
1
G.9
35
G.1
6
CG
.40
13
M.9
M.9
T3
37
Sup
.4
M.9
Paj
am1
M.9
EM
LA
M.9
Nic
29
M.9
Nic
8
O.3
M.2
6
M.9
Paj
am2
CG
.62
10
Yie
ld E
ffic
ien
cy
Tru
nk
X-S
ect.
Are
a
Trunk X-Sect. Area
Yield Efficiency
Geneva
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0
10
20
30
40
50
P.22
G.6
5
B.9
Eu
rope
M.2
7
B.9
US
A
CG
.40
13
M.9
Paj
am1
M.9
T3
37
M.9
M.9
EM
LA
G.1
1
M.9
Nic
29
CG
.30
07
M.9
Nic
8
Sup
.4
G.4
1
M.9
Paj
am2
O.3
G.1
6
M.2
6
G.9
35
Yie
ld E
ffic
ien
cy
Tru
nk
X-S
ect.
Are
a
Trunk X-Sect. Area
Yield Efficiency
Peru
4. Cold Hardiness
In the cold snap of 2004
and 2005, G.16, G.30,
G.41 and G.935 had the
best survival
G.41 and G.935 seem
well adapted to the cool
climate of the Champlain
Valley
5. Woolly Aphid Resistance
Several Geneva stocks are resistant but some are not
Resistant Susceptible
G.41 G.11
G.214 G.935
G.202
G.210
G.969
G.222
G.890
Weaknesses: 1. Propagation of Geneva® Rootstocks
• Several Geneva Rootstocks root poorly in the stoolbed.
• We have conducted research to improve stoolbed performance
- Regalis treatment of stoolbed
- Tissue Culture to induce greater juvenility in stoolbed
- Tissue Culture plants as rootstocks
Rooting of G.41 Apple Rootstock from tissue culture plants
Propagation by Cuttings is Expanding
Typical Rooting of G.41
Weaknesses: 2) Graft Union Strength
• Some Geneva Rootstocks have a more brittle graft
union with certain varieties.
Honeycrisp
Envy
Crimson Crisp
Graft union breaks of M.9Nic29 and G.41 with Scilate (Envy) as the scion variety
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
Budup Buddown WTstacked
WTsideways
Saddlestacked Saddlesideways
N/cm^2
HC/G.41Avg.forcepergra CSAtobreakgra
June
August
October
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
Budup Buddown WTstacked
WTsideways
Saddlestacked Saddlesideways
N/cm^2
HC/Nic.29Avg.forcepergra CSAtobreakgra
June
August
October
Graft Union strength of Honeycrisp on G.41 and M.9Nic29 in the Nursery
Graft Union strength of 39 rootstocks with Gala as the scion in the Nursery
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
6589
8534
4002
MM
106
5463
4213
7707
M7
7037
5012
6253
4004
4049
G16
6001
5179
7480
6879
G11
5757
6874
2406
6210
5257
5046
G30
5202
M9
5030
4214
6143
4013
4288
4011
4003
4021
5890
6969
6006
2633 2 3918 9 3237301225 4 8 3521153128341927 1 241714361638131023 6 11 5 3 7 202922
Rootstock
Ben
din
g S
tress (
N c
m-2)
a a
b
a
b
c
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
db
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
d b
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
d
b
c
dc
d d
ddddd
0
50
100
150
200
250
Nor
ther
n Spy
Fuji Red
Spo
rt
Gol
den D
elicious
Gra
nny
Sm
ith
Nov
a Eas
y G
row
Idar
ed
Whi
te A
ngel
Gal
a
Har
also
n
Gra
vens
tein
Was
hing
ton
Red
Anna
Rho
de Is
land
Gre
ening
Jona
than
Rom
e Bea
uty
Cox
's O
rang
e Pip
pen
Yello
w T
rans
paren
t
Spoka
ne B
eaut
y
Nov
osibirs
ki S
wee
t
Wijc
ik M
cInt
osh
Jam
es G
rieve
Cultivars Grafted on G30
Be
nd
ing
Str
es
s (
N c
m-2
)a
ababc a-d
a-d a-d
a-e a-e b-e c-f c-f c-fc-f
d-f d-fefg
efgfg
g g
Graft Union strength of G.30 with 20 scion varieties in the Nursery
y = 59.732Ln(x) - 33.263
R2 = 0.9827
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 50 100 150 200 250
TCSA (cm2)
Be
nd
ing
Str
es
s (
N c
m-2
)
Honeycrisp/G30 one-year-old
Gala/G30 four-years-old
Gala/G30 ten-years-old
Graft Union strength of G.30 over 10 years
M.27 SizeM.9 T337
M.26 Size
M.7-MM106 Size
Seedling Size
G.65 G.41
G.16G.202 G.30
G.210G.214
M.9 PAJ 2
G.11 G.935
G.969 G.890
G.213
G.222
Released Geneva® Apple Rootstocks Arranged by Tree Size
G.814
Commercialization of Geneva® Rootstocks in North America• Licensed Nurseries:
Willow Drive Nursery (Washington)
Willamette Nursery (Oregon)
North American Plants (Oregon)
Treco (Oregon)
Kit Johnston (Oregon)
Todd Cameron (Washington)
Copenhaven (Oregon)
Mori Nursery (Canada)
KCK Farms (Oregon)
Van Well Nursery (Oregon)
Helios Nursery (Washington)
Pyteligence (Washington)
ProTree (California)
Crown Nursery (Washington)
Consortio Sacramento (Mexico)
• RootstocksG.11 G.41
G.214 G.935 G.222
G.202 G.969
G.30 G.210 G.890
Geneva Rootstock Liner Production in the USA
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Lin
ers
Pro
du
ctio
n (
nu
mb
er)
G.11
G.41
G.935
G.16
G.30
G.202
G.11• Tree size similar to M.9 T337.
• Very high yield efficiency
• Large fruit size
• Tolerant to Replant Disease
• Resistant to Fire Blight but not immune.
• Resistant to Crown Rot
• Susceptible to Wooly Apple Aphid
• Good rooting in stoolbed
Geneva® 11 M9-T337
G.41• M.9 vigor
• Very high yield efficient
• Highly productive
• Very precocious
• Resistant to replant disease
• Very cold hardy
• Does well in warmer climates (Mexico)
• Highly Resistant to Fire Blight and Crown Rot and Wooly Apple Aphid
• Requires tissue culture mother plants for stoolbed
G.41 Fuji
G.935
• Vigor intermediate between M.9
Pajam 2 and M.26
• Very high yield efficiency
• Very cold hardy
• Resistant to Replant Disease
• Resistant to Fire Blight and Crown
Rot
• Susceptible to Wooly Apple Aphid
G.202
• Size similar to M.26
• Precocious, productive
• Resistant to woolly apple aphid, fire blight, and crown rot
• Tolerant to apple replant disease
• Good choice for weak growing cultivars like Honeycrisp
• Moderate rooting in stoolbed
G.202 New Zealand
G.214 Washington
G.214
Vigor similar to M.9 Pajam2
Highly yield efficient
Highly productive
Good precocity
Tolerant to replant disease
Resistant to Fire Blight, Crown Rot and Wooly Apple Aphid
Very good stool bed propagation
No commercial production of liners.
G.969
• Vigor between M.26 y M.7
• Very efficient and productive
• Very cold tolerant
• Resistant to fire blight
• Resistant to Phytopthora
• Resistant to Woolly Apple Aphid
• Good Anchorage
• Excellent rootstock for weak scions like
Honeycrisp
G.210
G.210• Vigor between M.7 and MM.106
• Precocious, productive
• Yield efficiency similar or better than M.9
• Resistant to apple replant disease.
• Resistance to woolly apple aphid, fire blight, and crown rot.
• Good rooting in stoolbed few spines.
• Mostly for Organic Production
With Several New Rootstock Options of Varying Vigor Levels
the Challenge Becomes Selecting the Rootstock that Gives the
Best Combination of Growth and Yield for the Variety We are
Planting
G.11 for strong varieties
G.41 for weak varieties or
replant
G.935 or G.202 for very
weak varieties
Questions?
Fuji/G.41 Fuji/G.214