The Turbulent ‘60sCivil Rights & the End of Segregation

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) “Separate but equal” does not violate the

14th Amendment

“Jim Crow” Laws

Laws passed between 1876 & 1965 that mandated de jure segretation

What is de jure segregation?

Where did the name comefrom?

The name Jim Crow comes from a minstrel show in the ante bellum period.

The show involved a white man in black face dancing around and using exaggerated movements and voice to poke fun at African Americans. The name Jim Crow became synonymous with Arican American.

“Jim Crow” LawsA black male could not offer his hand to a white

male, because this implied social equality.Blacks were to be introduced to whites – never

whites introduced to blacks.White motorists had the right-of-way at all

intersections.If blacks and whites were eating together, the

whites would be served first and there would be a partition splitting them.

What U.S. organization spearheads the end of segregation?

Thurgood Marshall & the NAACPMorgan v. Virginia

Segregated seating on buses in unconstitutional

Sweatt v. PainterState law schools must admit blacks

applicants, even if a separate black school exists

Thurgood Marshall & the NAACPBrown v. Board of Education of

Topeka

Who was the judge that ruled in favor of Brown?

Opposition to Brown v. Board Arkansas governor orders National Guard to

turn away the “Arkansas Nine”Leads to Eisenhower ordering U.S. paratroopers to

enforce desegregation in Little Rock

Opposition to Brown v. Board Alabama Governor

George Wallace:“In the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this earth, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny, and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever!”

Rosa Parks

Montgomery Bus Boycott1955

Following Rosa Park’s arrest, African Americans in Montgomery boycott the bus system.

Their boycott last 381 days and made a powerful point.

This movement was led by a gregarious young preacher named….

Martin Luther King Jr.

Soul ForceSouthern Christian Leadership Conference

March on Birmingham – King is arrested, writes “Letter from Birmingham Jail” urging African Americans not to wait but to act nowMarch on Washington – Estimated 300,000 participantsKing gives “I Have a Dream…” speech

Fighting for…Desegregation

Right to vote without being harassed

Labor rights

March on BirminghamApril-May 1963

King & the SCLC organize a march on the “most segregated city in America”

King is arrested, writes “Letter from a Birmingham Jail urging African Americans not to wait but to act now

Leads Kennedy to begin supporting Civil Rights

March on WashingtonAugust 1963

March on WashingtonLeads to President Johnson passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964Prohibited

discrimination because of race, gender, origin, or religion

Soul ForceStudent Non-Violent Coordinating Committee

Greensboro Sit-In February 1960African American students

from NC A&T refuse to leave store counter after being turned away.

Movement grows until over 300 students come to sit at the lunch counter.

Instrumental in the desegregation of stores and restaurants.

Congress of Racial Equality

A Change in the Movement: Militancy & the African American Cause

Freedom Summer1964 Members of the Congress

of Racial Equality & SNCC trained in nonviolent resistance go to MS to help register voters.

Activists are brutalized, including murders by KKK & police

Race Riots

1963 – 1968 African Americans revolt in many of the large cities in the U.S. Opposite of Dr. King’s message of

peaceful protest

The riots are spurred on by…

Malcolm LittleAka…

MALCOLM X

Malcolm XUpbringing:

Early Beliefs:

Later Beliefs:

Black Power Term popularized by Stokely

CarmichaelWho was Stokely Carmichael?

First used after James Meredith is shot during his “Walk Against Fear”

Used a sign of solidarity in the black community Was MLK a fan?

The Black Panther Partyfor Self Defense1966

Aimed to fight police brutality in the ghetto

Militant, socialist organization

Positive contributions to black America are overshadowed by their violent, anti-police tactics

Huey Newton

And now…Walter Cronkite

April 4, 1968While standing on his hotel balcony in

Memphis, Martin Luther King is shot by James Earl Ray.

Robert Kennedy was one of the first to announce his murder.