Post on 26-Dec-2015
transcript
The United States
The Colonized Become Colonizers
John Green: Crash Course in Imperialism
What Factors Contributed to the Rise of the United States as an
Imperial Power?
John Green: Crash Course in Imperialism
Imperialism:The economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker nations.
Factors Contributing to US Imperialism
• Industrialization– Mass Production (Over-supply)– Economic Recession of 1893
• Desire Overseas Markets (Dollars)– Protect Overseas Investments– Industry and Farmers look for new markets; Open New Markets– Access to Raw Materials
• Desire Overseas Naval Base; Military Power (Defense)– Naval Superiority; Great White Fleet
• Promote “American-Friendly” governments
Factors Contributing to American Imperialism
• Anglo-Saxonism/Manifest Destiny – Whites: “superior” race; “White Man’s Burden”– must Christianize the uncivilized world
• Social Darwinism– Survival of the Fittest
• Jingoism/Aggressive Nationalism– U.S. growing industry, wealth, population– Jingoism: Extreme Patriotism → Aggressive Foreign Policy
– Spurred by Yellow Journalism
• Competition—prestige/power…who were we competing with?
Factors Contributing to American Imperialism
• What connections can you draw between the Progressive Movement and a rise in American
Imperialism?
Diplomacy in Latin America• Goals:
– Rising Pan-Americanism:• Belief that the U.S. and Latin America should “work
together”…why? What’s U.S. motivations?– Remove European Influence
» Get L.A. to buy American, not European goods» Control Latin American Debt to European Nations
– Protect/Expand Economic Investments in Region– New Markets for Amer. Manufacturers– Access to Raw Materials– Canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Spanish-American War• Causes:
– Protect Major US investments in Cuba (esp. Sugar Interests)– Cuban Rebellion…
• What role did tariffs play?• Destruction of U.S. Property by Cuban Rebels
– U.S. Desire to remove European influence…Spain last European power in the W. Hemisphere
– Cuba: Strategic Location (route to Panama)– USS Maine explosion– Yellow Journalism
• Joseph Pulitzer/William Randolph Hearst• Journalism based on sensationalism, mass exaggerations, and often falsehoods• Sells more newspapers…but also good for propaganda• Report on Spanish atrocities; Spanish General Valeriano Weyler
– What was the goal?
Spanish-American War
"Remember the Maine, to hell with Spain!"“You furnish the pictures and I'll furnish the war.”—William Randolph Hearst to his photographer in Cuba
• April 1898: Pres. William McKinley calls Congress to declare war
Spanish American War-Impact• Result: American Victory & an
Empire is Built– Annex Puerto Rico– Cuban Occupation (1898-1902),
followed by…– Platt Amendment (Cuba)
• US Naval Base in Cuba (Guantanamo)• U.S. has right to intervene to protect
and keep order• Cuba must minimize its debt to Europe• U.S. can block treaties Cuba makes w/
other states
Spanish American War: Impact in the Pacific
• U.S. Already Acquired Samoan Islands (1898)– Sign Treaty of Berlin w/
Germany
• Spanish American War Pacific Acquisitions– Buy the Philippines – Annex Guam– Leads to formal annexation
of Hawaii… why?
• Annex Wake Islands (1899)
Spanish American War:Effects on the U.S.
• “A Splendid Little War”– America emerges as a World Power– Increased world respect/prestige– Imperial powerhouse
• Caribbean/Latin America: “America’s Lake”• Unified the nation (North & South)• After effects of war furthers growing image in
Latin America of U.S. as “Bully to the North”
Anti-Imperialist League
• Anti-Imperialist League– Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie– Arguments:
• Imperialism violation of America’s values/foundations– Declaration of Independence– Constitution
• Defies concept of popular sovereignty– Government can only rule with people’s consent
– Actions in the Philippines and Cuba were in direct conflict with ideals
U.S. Growing Stakes in Latin America
• U.S. Massive Economic Stake in L. America– Agriculture, commodities, mining, oil, govt. securities– 1880s-1914 (start of WWI), U.S. investment ↑
• Cuba: 7x• C. America: 4x• Mexico: over $1.1 billion
• Investment in L. America esp. spurred by U.S. economic recession in 1893…why?
• 1898-1934 U.S. would intervene in L. America 34 times…what was primary motivation for most?
Monroe Doctrine
• Who: – Pres. James Monroe
(1823)-McKinley (1898)
• What:– Stated further efforts by
Europe to colonize territory/interfere in W. Hemisphere (N./S. Amer) would be viewed as act of aggression… potentially garnering U.S. response
• Goal:– Promote U.S. influence in region
and trade ties throughout region– Who posed biggest threat to this?
• Application:– 1852: Ostend Manifesto (Cuba)– 1866 Mexico– 1888 Haiti– 1894 Brazil– 1890s Nicaragua (Zelaya…will later
overthrow 1909)– 1895 Venezuela (Turning Pt.)– 1898 Sp. American War (transition)
Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine/“Big Stick Diplomacy”
• Who:– Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909)
• What:– U.S. as “civilized” nation had right
to end “chronic wrongdoing” and thus had right to intervene in Caribbean to maintain order
– If any nation in L. Amer. Appeared so politically and financially unstable as to be vulnerable to European control, U.S. had an obligation to intervene
• Is this diff. than Monroe Doctrine? Why? Why not?
• Goal: – Estbl. U.S. as
predominant power in L. America
• Application– Sp. Amer. War (1898)– Colombia/Panama
(1903-1914)– Dom. Republic (1903-
1905)– Cuba (1906)
Dollar Diplomacy
• Who:– President Taft (1909-
1913)
• What:– “Substitute dollars for
bullets”…in theory– Use of commercial
interests/investments to secure U.S. influence abroad.
• Goal:– Attempt to garner good will
with L. Amer. Nations w/ less militaristic approach… not as effective in practice
• Application:– China– Honduras– Haiti– Nicaragua (Zelaya)– Mexico
Moral Diplomacy
• Who:– Pres. Woodrow Wilson
(1913-1921)
• What:– Foreign policy which
advocated only offering support to countries whose “moral beliefs” and democratic values were similar to the U.S. ideology
• Goal:– Promote friendly
“democratic” governments in L. America (in theory)
• Application:– Mexico: 1910s– Nicaragua (1912-1925)– Haiti (1915-1934)– Dominican Republic (1916-
1924)– Virgin Islands (1917)