Post on 24-Feb-2016
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(aka “imperialistic dog”)
The Pressure to ExpandEssential Questions:
• What factors led to the growth of imperialism around the world?
• In what ways did the United States begin to expand its interests abroad in the late 1800s?
• What arguments were made in favor of United States expansion in the 1890s?
Chapter 10, Section 1
ImperialismWhat’s imperialism?• Under imperialism, stronger nations
attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations. The late 1800s marked the peak of European imperialism, with much of Africa and Asia under foreign domination.
Growth of Imperialism around the World• Factors that account for the growth of imperialism
around the world. – Economic factors: The growth of industry
increased the need for natural resources & overseas markets.
– Nationalistic factors: Competition among European nations for large empires was the result of a rise in nationalism—or devotion to one’s own nation.
– Military factors: Europe had better armies than Africa and Asia, and it needed bases around the world to refuel and supply navy ships.
– Humanitarian factors: Europeans believed that they had a duty to spread the blessings of western civilizations to other countries. “White Man’s Burden”
• .
Chapter 10, Section 1
• By 1890, the United States was eager to join the competition for new territory. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) Yet annexation did take place
Setting the Stage• The US continues to expand under the Monroe Doctrine.
–1891: Chilean mob attacks group of US sailors ――► $75,000–1893: Brazilian rebellion threatens US shipping interests ――► US Navy–1895: US tells Britain to leave Venezuela alone ――► GB backs off
4D’s – Diety, Dollars, Destiny & Defense
1a. Economic Factors (U.S. Foreign Investments)
dollars
U. S. Foreign Investments: 1869-1908
American Foreign Trade:
1870-1914
1b. Economic Factors (U.S. Foreign Trade) Dollars
2. Military/Strategic Factors = protect U.S. shipping/foreign
investments - Defense3. D
Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 660-1783
(U.S. needs powerful Navy to protect overseas markets)
3a. Humanistic FactorsSocial Darwinist Thinking
The White Man’sBurden
The Hierarchyof Race
3b. Religious/Missionary Interests - Diety
American Missionaries
in China, 1905
4. Closing the American Frontier - Destiny
U. S. Missionaries in Hawaii
Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s
U. S. View of Hawaiians
Hawaii becomes a U. S. Protectorate in 1849
by virtue of economic treaties.
Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani
Hawaii for the Hawaiians!
U. S. Business Interests In Hawaii
1875 – Reciprocity Treaty1890 – McKinley Tariff1893 – Americanbusinessmen backed anuprising against Queen Liliuokalani.Sanford Ballard Dole
proclaims the Republic of Hawaii in 1894.
To The Victor Belongs the Spoils
Hawaiian Annexation Ceremony, 1898
Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View of
Commodore Perry
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
Opened Japanese ports to U.S. trade Ended Japans 300 years of seclusion
Gentleman’s Agreement: 1908A Japanese note agreeing to deny passports tolaborers entering the U.S.Japan recognized the U.S.right to exclude Japaneseimmigrants holding passportsissued by other countries.The U.S. government got theschool board of San Francisco to rescind their order tosegregate Asians in separateschools.
1908 Root-Takahira Agreement.
Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1912
Senator Henry CabotLodge, Sr. (R-MA)Non-European powers,like Japan, would beexcluded from owningterritory in the WesternHemisphere.
“Seward’s Folly”: 1867
$7.2 million
“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867
Cuban Rebellion• 1868: Island rebels against Spain• 1895: Island rebels again
–Spain crushes the rebellion–Spain’s “re-concentration”
• Cuban exiles cry out for US aid• Destruction of US sugar plantations in Cuba…. This gets the attention of the U.S.
Valeriano Weyler’s “Reconcentration” Policy
The Imperialist Taylor
Spanish Misrule in Cuba
“Yellow Journalism” & Jingoism
Joseph Pulitzer
William Randolph Hearst
Hearst to Frederick Remington: “You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!”
Steps to War• Stolen de Lôme letter• USS Maine blows up• Preparing in the Philippines (?)• McKinley’s demands
–Non-compliance ――► WAR!
2. De Lôme LetterDupuy de Lôme, SpanishAmbassador to the U.S.Criticized PresidentMcKinley as weak and abidder for the admirationof the crowd, besidesbeing a would-be politicianwho tries to leave a dooropen behind himself whilekeeping on good termswith the jingoes of hisparty.
Theodore RooseveltAssistant Secretary of the Navy in the McKinley administration.Imperialist and American nationalist.Criticized PresidentMcKinley as having the backbone of a chocolate éclair!Resigns his position to fight in Cuba.
The “Rough Riders”
Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!
Funeral for Maine victims in Havana
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
How prepared was the US for war?
The Spanish-American War (1898):
“That Splendid Little War”
Dewey Captures Manila!
Is He To Be a Despot?
Emilio Aguinaldo
Leader of the FilipinoUprising.
July 4, 1946:Philippine independence
William H. Taft, 1stGov.-General of the Philippines
Great administrator.
Our “Sphere of Influence”
The Treaty of Paris: 1898Ends S-A War
Cuba was freed from Spanish rule.Spain gave up Puerto Rico and the island ofGuam.The U. S. paid Spain$20 mil. for thePhilippines.The U. S. becomesan imperial power!
The American Anti-Imperialist
LeagueFounded in 1899.Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, WilliamJames, and WilliamJennings Bryan amongthe leaders.Campaigned against the annexation of thePhilippines and otheracts of imperialism.
Teller Amendment (1898)
Platt Amendment (1903)1. Cuba was not to enter into any agreements with
foreign powers that would endanger its independence.
2. The U.S. could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an efficient, independent govt.
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. for naval and coaling station.
4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debt.
Cuban Independence?
Senator Orville Platt
Puerto Rico: 18981900 - Foraker Act. PR became an “unincorporated
territory.” Citizens of PR, not of the US. Import duties on PR goods
1901-1903 the Insular Cases. Constitutional rights were not
automatically extended to territorial possessions.
Congress had the power to decide these rights.
Import duties laid down by the Foraker Act were legal!
Puerto Rico: 18981917 – Jones Act. Gave full territorial status to PR. Removed tariff duties on PR goods
coming into the US. PRs elected their
own legislators &governor to enforcelocal laws.
PRs could NOT votein US presidentialelections.
A resident commissioner was sent to Washington to vote for PR in the House.
The Panama Canal• US wants a
shorter shipping route
• Colombia won’t give it
• US “frees” Panama
• US builds the canal
• Varied reactions to canal
Panama: The King’s Crown1850 Clayton-Bulwer
Treaty.1901 Hay-Paunceforte Treaty. Philippe Bunau-Varilla,agent provocateur.Dr. Walter Reed.Colonel W. Goethals.1903 Hay-Bunau- Varilla Treaty.
Panama Canal
TR in Panama(Construction
begins in 1904)
The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: 1905
Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .
Speak Softly,But Carry a Big Stick!
Stereotypes of the Chinese
Immigrant
Oriental [Chinese]
Exclusion Act, 1887
The Boxer Rebellion: 1900
The Peaceful Harmonious Fists.“55 Days at Peking.”
The Open Door Policy
Secretary John Hay.Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.
TheOpen Door
Policy
America as a Pacific Power
The Cares of a Growing Family
Constable of the World
Treaty of Portsmouth: 1905
Nobel Peace Prize for Teddy
The Great White Fleet: 1907
Taft’s “Dollar Diplomacy”
Improve financialopportunities for American businesses.Use private capital tofurther U. S. interestsoverseas.Therefore, the U.S. should create stability and order abroad that would best promote America’s commercial interests.
The Mexican Revolution: 1910s
Victoriano Huerta seizes control of Mexico and puts Madero in prison where he was murdered.Venustiano Carranza, Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon fought against Huerta.The U.S. also got involved by occupying Veracruz and Huerta fled the country.Eventually Carranza would gain power in Mexico.
The Mexican Revolution: 1910sEmiliano
Zapata
Francisco I Madero
Venustiano Carranza
Porfirio Diaz
Pancho Villa
Wilson’s “Moral Diplomacy”
The U. S. shouldbe the conscienceof the world.
Spread democracy.
Promote peace.
Condemn colonialism.
Searching for Banditos
General John J. Pershing with PanchoVilla in 1914.
U. S. Global Investments &Investments in Latin America,
1914
U. S. Interventions in Latin America: 1898-1934
Uncle Sam: One of the “Boys?”