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Yale UniversitySchool of Forestry and Environmental Studies
The Yale ClimateInitiative:Assessing Yale’s Greenhouse Gas Emissions
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YCI Presentation Overview
• YCI Overview• Inventory
– Introduction– Power Plants and Buildings– Transportation– Other Sources
• Improving the Inventory• Next Steps
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YCI Overview: Purpose
Student-initiated study to:– Understand Yale’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions– Evaluate strategies to improve Yale’s GHG emissions
inventory over time– Analyze approaches to make the University more
climate friendly
Necessary steps before articulating a more detailed climate change strategy
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YCI Overview: Group Structure
Arnulf Grübler
Power Plants Buildings Transportation Other Sources
Marty Walters
Trisha EylerWoon Kwong Liew
Seth DunnNalin Sahni
Brandon Carter
Marco ButtazzoniKate Zyla
Liz MartinKathleen Campbell
• Various experts participated in classes and advised the group
• Various members of Yale staff provided fundamental support and assistance during the data gathering phase of the project
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Why are GHGs Important?
CO2 concentration in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution
Over 32% increase in less than 300 years
• GHGs in the atmosphere trap energy– Allow short wave solar
radiation to pass– Trap long wave radiation
from earth• There are various GHGs but the
one of most concern is CO2
• CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is currently around 370 ppm– It has been below 300 ppm
for the last 150,000 years
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Why are GHGs Important?
Climate: Natural forcing Climate: Natural and anthropogenic
IPCC scientists are in agreement that:– Global temperature is increasing– Part of this is due to anthropogenic change
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Greenhouse Gases at Yale
CO2
CH4
N2OHFCs
CO2e offsets?
CFCsHFCsSF6
CO2
N2O
CO2
CH4
N2O
CO2
CH4
N2O
CO2
CH4
N2O
SF6
HFC-32
HFC-23
CFC-12
1
21
310
23,900
650
11,700
8,500
GHG GWP
CO2. CH4, N2O, CFCs
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Zip code data
Correction
+/- 2%
CT-DOT transport
parameters
Edited zip code data
Cars only
vs. PT and bike
Total miles
traveled
aaa Data
Assumptions with change in the parameter
Calculations
bbb
ccc
# trips+/-1%
Miles+/-5%
Miles traveled
per mode of transpor
t
Emissions parameter
s
Cars +22 -22%
PT +120 –50%
16,700 T
+ 11%- 12%
xx% Change in emissions
+ 5.9%- 9.5%
+ 4.8%- 4.8%
+ 1.5%- 3.7%
FES & parking
dep. data
Occ. Rate+/-
17%
+ 20%- 14%
car +22%- 22%
PT +3.2%- 1.3%
+ 80%- 49%
GHG Inventory: A Complicated Process
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Yale’s GHG Emissions: Year 2002
Yale University GHG Emissions (2002)Total 291,696 Tons CO2 equivalent
38,653
13,254
246,080
-6,291
-50,000
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
Power Plants/Buildings Transportation Other Sources Sinks
ton
s o
f C
O2
eq
uiv
ale
nt
Other sources 4%
Transport. 13%
Power Plants/ buildings 83%
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Yale Power Plants & Buildings : Overview
• 257 buildings
• 3 power plants
• 1,173,408 m2 in building area
• 2,599,076 GJ of energy consumed annually
AthleticsFields
MedicalCenter
OldCampus
ScienceHill
SterlingPower Plant
CentralPower Plant
Pierson-SagePower Plant
YALE
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Yale Power Plants : Overview
Central Power Plant
electricity
steam
chilled waterScience Hill
Old Campus
Pierson-Sage
Power Plant
Sterling Power Plant
steam
electricity, gas & fuel oil
steam
chilled water
Utility grids and
othersMedical Center
Athletic Fields
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Yale Power Plants & Buildings : Emissions
2003,064
122,371
30,767
2,862
78,529
8,2880
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
Centralpower plant
(energygeneration)
Sterlingpower plant
(energygeneration)
Buildings(purchasedelectricity)Buildings
(boilers andfurnaces)Sterlingpower plant(purchasedelectricity)
Centralpower plant(purchasedelectricity)Pierson-
sage powerplant (energygeneration)
tons CO2 equivalent
Other sources 4%
Transport. 13%
Power Plants/ buildings 83%
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Yale Power Plants : Central Power Plant
Central Power Plant Energy Consumed
#2 Oil,6%,
#6 Oil,2%,
kW, 1%,
Natural Gas 91%,
Central Power Plant Energy Delivered
Steam 46%
kW, 30%CHW, 24%
Energy production
2,355,212 GJ 1,821,773GJ
Overall Plant Efficiency is 57%
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Yale Power Plants : Sterling Power Plant
Sterling Power Plant Energy Consumed (GJ)
#2 Oil, 0%,
#6 Oil, 40%,
kW, 3%, NG 57%,
Sterling Power Plant Energy Delivered
1,007,635 GJ
CHW, 44%
Steam 56%
Energy production
Conversion from #6 to #2 Oil by mid-2004
1,321,937 GJ
Overall Plant Efficiency is 76%
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Yale Power Plants : Emissions
• 79% of fuel consumed is Natural Gas
• 10,000 tons CO2 eq. reduced if 100% NG used
• Power plants are within standard efficiency ranges
• Improvements have to be driven from end-use
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
Natural Gas Oil # 2 Oil # 6 MWh
GJ
emissions
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Interior Building Area
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
Medical
Laboratory, Wet
Academic Housing
Administrative
AthleticsOther
Laboratory, Dry
Library
1,173,408 m2 in building area
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Energy Intensity
0
200400
600
8001,000
1,200
1,4001,600
1,800
Medical
Laboratory, Wet
AcademicHousing
Administrative
AthleticsOther
Laboratory, Dry
Library
kWh/M
2/year
Average IntensityYale: 628 kWh/m2Stanford: 560 kWh/m2
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0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000
Area in M2
kWh / M2 / Year
Distribution of Area and Energy Consumption
Medical
Labs, Dry
Labs, Wet
Academic
Housing
Other
LibraryAthleticsAdmin
Area of circles denotes total energy consumed
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Energy use: Consumption profile
Energy Consumption vs. Proportion of Buildings
(0.25, 0.84)
(0.50, 0.96)
(0.20, 0.78)
(0.10, 0.58)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Proportion of Buildings
Proportion of Energy Consumption
• 10% of buildings account for 58% of energy consumption
• 20% of buildings account for 78% of energy consumption
• Half of the buildings account for only 4% of energy use
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10 Most Energy Consumptive Buildings
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
4.0%
4.5%
5.0%
Congress Avenue Building
Sterling Hall of Medicine, Wing BSterling Hall of Medicine, Wing I
Kline Biology Tower
Sterling Divinity QuadrangleCenter for Molecular Medicine
Kline Geology LabLab of Epidemiology Payne Whitney Gym
Environmental Science Center
% of Total Yale Consumption
Red - >1,000 kWh/m2
Blue - <1,000 kWh/m2
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Yale Power Plants & Buildings : Uncertainties
• Instrument & data transmission– cost of equipment vs better accuracy
• Computerized data collection– reliability of intranet / internet data transfer
• Manual data collection and entry– issues with data consolidation and analysis over time
• Data processing and analysis – emission factors and conversion factors– limited data on “building use” activities
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Transportation: Overview
•Institutional–Yale-owned vehicles
•Work-related–Flights–Train–Ground transportation
•Commuters–Daily (faculty, students)–Travel home (students)
•Contracted vehicles–Not addressed
Yale owns 366 vehicles, over half of which are trucks
or vans
Yale spends about $20 million in travel each year
Yale commuters travel over 57 million miles per year
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Transportation: Total Emissions
4151,700 1,688
16,700
8,3945,400
2,7341,622
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
Institutionaltravel
Work relatedair travel
through travel
agentOther workrelated travel
Employeescommutesand visitsStudentscommutesand visitsStudentsreturninghome (dom.)
Studentsreturninghome (int’l.)
Transport'other
activities'
tons CO2 equivalent
Other sources 4%
Transport. 13%
Power Plants/ buildings 83%
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Institutional Travel
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Physical Plant
PoliceGroundsMedical
Fire Marshall
TR&SAthleticTelecom
RISDiningF&ES
Department
tons CO2 emissions
Unleaded
Unleaded Plus
Super Unleaded
Other
Diesel
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
EngineeringGeology
MB&B
YSM DiningMail Services
AthleticLSF
AnimalDiningPsychiatry
Grounds
Department
kg CO2 per vehicle
However, miles traveled are not known
Most GHG Emitting Fleets Most GHG “Intensive” Fleets
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Work-Related Travel Emissions
Total GHG emissions 11,100 tons 3.8% of Yale’s total
-1,0002,0003,0004,000
5,0006,0007,0008,0009,000
TA fligh
ts
Non T
A
flight
sTra
ins
Car re
ntal
Groun
d
trans
porta
tion
To
ns
CO
2
emis
sio
ns
Work related emissionsTravel expenditure Breakdowns
Total foreign25%
Total domestic
75%
Air/rail40%
Lodging 32%
Car rental and ground trans. 14%
Other 14%
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Emissions from Employee Commuting
Where employees live
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
less than
1
between
1+ and 5
between
5+ and 10
between
10+ and25
between
25+ and50
more than
50
Miles from school
% Employees
Employees total Miles traveled
-
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
less than
1
between
1+ and 5
between
5+ and10
between
10+ and25
between
25+ and50
more
than 50
Miles from school
Total Miles per annum
• GHG emissions from employee commuting are 16,700 tons CO2
– 5.7% of Yale’s total emissions– Emissions from student commuting are about 1,700 tons
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Yale Transportation: Uncertainties
• Institutional: – Lack of reliable Mileage data– Fuel purchase data
• Work related travel– $ spent per transportation mode– Air travel: number of trips, miles per trip, emissions of aircraft– Other: $ spent per type, number of trips, miles per trip, type of
vehicle, emissions per vehicle
• Commuting: – Transportation parameters– Residence location– Number of commutes
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Other Sources: Overview
Yale generated• 5,300 tons of municipal
solid waste– 76% is incinerated, – 18% is recycled, – 6% is landfilled
• 50 million gallons of waste water
• 18,000 liters of Volatile Organic Compounds
• 5,800 lbs. of CFCs and HFCs
80,000 lbs. of
SF6 in Stock
10,880 acres of
Forest in NH, VT, CT
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Other Sources and Sinks
Small Sources but Large Global Warming Potentials!
Source CO2 CH4 N20 VOC SF6 HFC-134a HFC-23 CFC-12
Global Warming Potential
1 21 310 ? 23,900 3,800 11,700 8,500
Solid Waste X X X
Waste Water X X
Refrigerants X X X
Lab Gases X X X
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30373,861
-6,291313
9,013
-20,000
-15,000
-10,000
-5,000
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
Refrigerants Incineration Laboratorygasses
Wastewater Landfilling Forest sink
tons CO2 equivalent
Other Sources: GHG Emissions
Total (without Offset) = 13,254 tons CO2 eq. (5% of total emissions)Forest Sinks Offset = 6,291 tons CO2 eq. (2% of total emissions)
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Yale University GHG Emissions (2002)By Activities
Total 288,496 Tons CO2 equivalent
9,013 8,288 5,400 3,861
122,371
30,767
8,394
78,529
16,700
-20,000
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
Centralpower plant
(energygeneration)
Sterlingpower plant
(energygeneration)Buildings(purchasedelectricity) Employeescommutesand visits
Refrigerants
Workrelated air
travelthroughtravel agentBuildings(boilers andfurnaces)
Studentsreturninghome(dom.)
Incineration
tons CO2 equivalent
Other Sources: Refrigerants
Old leaking chillers represent a larger portion of emissions than was thought!
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Other Sources: Sequestration is Small
- Yale owns 10,880 acres of forestland- In CT, NH, and VT - Mostly mixed hardwoods.
- Total offset is estimated to be 6,291 tons of CO2 eq. - 0.58 tons per acre
.
To offset Yale’s total 2002 emissions we would need to reforest an area almost the
size of Rhode Island
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Other Sources: Risk Management
• Yale has 80,000 lbs of SF6 in stock
• This is equivalent to 850,000 tons of CO2 eq.
• If released, it represents 4 times Yale’s annual emissions!
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Other Sources and Sinks: Uncertainty
Refrigerants• Does not include data on window air-conditioning unitsIncineration and Landfilling• Reliability of Carbon content• Decay Function of Waste • Amount of fugitive landfill gas emissionsLab Gases• Assumption that all gases are released to atmosphereWastewater• Conversion Factor Uncertainty • Lack of data on the occurrence of anaerobic conditions in
treatment systems, especially incidental occurrences.Forest Sinks• Divergence in sequestration estimates
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Yale GHG Emissions
• Yale emissions are equivalent to those of:– The Cayman Islands– Central African Republic
• Each ‘Yalie’ emits about 13 t GHG per year– UVM = about 7 t– Tufts = about 2 t
13t is equal to emitting 173 times your weight
Yale 2002 Total: 291,696 Tons CO2 equivalent
GHG Emissions comparison
050,000
100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000
Yale University Cayman Islands
Central African Republic University of Vermont
Tulane University Oberlin College
Univ. Colorado-Boulder
Tufts University
Emissions MT CO2 0246
8101214
t CO2e per person
Emissions
Per capitaemissions
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Next Steps: GHG Inventories at Yale
• Yale personnel has been wonderfully supportive to the YCI team
• Currently Yale systems gather a wealth of data that can be used for GHG inventory purposes
• The current system and process is not conducive to creating GHG emissions inventories– Some data are missing– Some inconsistencies– Cumbersome data extraction
Relatively minor systems and process changes could significantly improve Yale’s ability to inventory GHG emissions
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Next Steps: GHG Emission Reductions
• The team explored – improvements to inventories– preliminary mitigation options
• A number of spin off-projects are already addressing these questions – ACEM Green Fund financing– Student projects
Yale Climate Initiative Fall 2004?
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And finally …
Thank you to all the members of Yale University who
assisted us in our efforts!