• This kind of processing begins with our sense receptors and works up to our brain’s integration of this sensory information.

• This kind of processing begins higher-level mental processes that draw on our experiences and expectations.

• The absolute threshold is the minimum stimulus needed to detect a particular stimulus ______ % of the time.

• This theory predicts that detection depends on a person’s experience, expectations and level of fatigue, rather than on an absolute threshold. It suggests that reactions to the same stimuli vary as circumstances change.

• These stimuli are those that are below the absolute threshold and are unconsciously detected.

• An imperceptibly brief stimulus may be detected outside our conscious awareness and influence our responses. This is known as __________.

• The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time is called the __________ or the just noticeble difference.

• Weber’s Law states that to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum ____________, not a constant amount.

• After several minutes of being exposed to the cold of Lake Michigan while swimming, you no longer feel cold. This is an example of __________.

• At any moment our awareness focuses on only a limited aspect of what we experience. This is known as _________.

• While watching a video of basketball game, people attending to counting the number of ball passes failed to notice a gorilla intruding on the game. This is one example of ____________.

• In sensation, this is the transformation of energy (light, mechanical, sound, etc.) into neural impulses.

• The energy stimulus for vision.

• Light’s ______, or the distance between a wave’s maximum (or minimum) height, is what determines its hue, or color we experience.

• Light’s ___________ is determined by the amplitude of the wave.

• This part of the eye is the adjustable opening in the center through which light enters.

• This muscle around the eye’s pupil controls the size of the pupil opening, and is the colored part of the eye.

• This transparent structure behind the eye’s pupil changes shape to focus images on the retina.

• This is the process by which the lens changes its curvature to focus near or far objects on the retina.

• This is the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye that contains the receptor cells of rods and cones plus layers of neurons that are involved in the process of visual processing.

• These receptor cells in the visual system allow us to detect black, white and grey.

• These receptor cells in the visual system allow us to see color and fine detail.

• Cones are located in the center of the retina, or the ________.

• Cones are most sensitive in ________ light.

• Rods are located in the ________ of the retina, and enable peripheral vision.

• Rods are sensitive in ________ light.

• Information from the rods and cones is processed through these cells before relay to the ganglion cells.

• The ganglion cells in the retina converge to form this.

• Where the optic nerve leaves the eye there are no receptor cells, which results in a ____________.

• This area of the retina has the best acuity.

• Information from the retina is directed to the visual cortex via the ________.

• Nocturnal animals have visual systems that function well in dim light. Their receptor cells are almost entirely _____.

• Located in the visual cortex in the occipital lobe, these specialized cells receive information about lines, edges, angles and movements from the ganglion cells.

• When we process several aspects (color, depth, movement, form) of a visual scene simultaneously, it is called _______________.

• This theory of color vision states that the retina contains receptors for red, green and blue light.

• When both red and green color receptors are activated, the color we experience is __________.

• Most color blind people lack functioning _____ and _____ cones.

• This theory of color vision says that color is analyzed in terms of red and green, blue and yellow, or black and white.

• If you stare at a green image and then look at white paper, the afterimage will appear _________.

• If you stare at a yellow figure and then look at a white paper, the afterimage will appear _________.

• In changing illumination, our perception of color remains _________.

• The stimulus energy of audition is ______.

• A long sound wavelength results in ______ frequency sounds.

• A small sound wave amplitude results in _________ sounds.

• The ________ in the ear contains the auditory system’s receptor cells.

• The middle ear contains these 3 tiny bones.

• Located in the cochlea, fluid vibrates on the ________, bending its hair cells to send neural messages to the auditory nerve.

• These are the receptor cells of the auditory system.

• Auditory information from the right ear is sent via the thalamus to the auditory cortex located in the ___________.

• Damage to the hair cells in the basilar membrane is the most likely cause of ______________.

• This theory of audition links the pitch we hear with the location where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated.

• The frequency theory of audition says that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, enabling us to sense its _______.

• Where are the receptor cells for the sense of touch located?

• What 4 distinct skin senses comprise our sense of touch?

• Touch receptors send signals to the sensory cortex via what brain structure?

• Touch sensations are processed in the sensory cortex, which is located in which lobe?

• Gate-control theory states that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that either blocks these signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. What are these signals?

• Drugs, surgery, acupuncture, electrical stimulation, massage, exercise, hypnosis, relaxation training and thought distraction are all therapies used for _______.

• Name the 2 chemical senses.

• Where are taste receptor cells located?

The aroma of food enhances its perceived taste. This is an example of __________.

• What is olefaction?

• Where are smells processed?

• What is unique about how the brain processes smells?

• Smell is linked to parts of the limbic system involved in ________ and _______.

• The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts such as your arms and legs is ___________.

• This sense monitors head and body position and movement, including our sense of balance and orientation.

• The receptor cells for position and movement, or kinesthesis, are located in these 3 places.

• The receptor cells for the vestibular sense (balance and position) are located in the ________________ in the inner ear.

• What group of psychologists are most associated with perceptual organization?

• That we perceive individual rows of white dots followed by individual rows of black dots illustrates what law of perceptual organization?

• That we perceive a complete circle or complete square when presented with the following drawing best illustrates which law of perceptual organization?

• That we perceive the first set of dots as a whole, and the second set as 3 groups best illustrates which law of perceptual organization?

• The ability to organize 2-dimensional images into 3-dimensional perceptions is known as ____________.

• The law of perceptual organization that states we organize the visual field into objects and surroundings.

• We use this laboratory device to test depth perception in infants.

• In depth perception, these kind of cues depend on the ability to use both eyes.

• In depth perception, these cues depend on the use of only 1 eye.

• Name this binocular cue: the extent to which the eyes draw inward when looking at an object.

• Name this binocular cue: the brain compares images from each eye and computes the distance between them.

• If the brain computes a great disparity between 2 retinal images, it will interpret the object as being _____________.

• Name this monocular cue: a gradual change from coarse texture to fine texture signals increasing distance.

• Name this monocular cue: objects higher in the visual field are interpreted as being farther away.

• Name this monocular cue: As we move, objects that are actually stable may appear to move. The nearer the object is to you, the faster it will appear to move.

• Name this monocular cue: Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance. The more they converge, the greater the perceived distance.

• Name this monocular cue: Nearby objects reflect more light. A dimmer object appears farther away.

• This is an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.

• We perceive objects to be unchanging even as light and retinal images change. This is known as __________.

• Shape constancy predicts that we perceive an object as unchanging even though the ________ changes.

• Size constancy says that we perceive objects to be unchanging even as our __________ changes.

• The size-distance relationship between an object’s perceived distance and its image on our retina can lead to optical illusions such as the _________.

• When someone is fitted with special glasses that invert the retinal image, they quickly adapt to the new sensation. This illustrates the concept of ____________.

• Our experiences, expectations and assumptions predispose us to perceive objects in a certain way. These mental predispositions are called our ___________.

• Our experiences, expectations and assumptions predispose us to perceive objects in a certain way. These mental predispositions best illustrate what kind of processing?