Post on 22-Feb-2016
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This presentation will help you to understand the data stored
in CLO-PLA3
1.2.3 Clonal growth traits
1.1 Structure of output data
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
1.2 Explanation of traits
1. TRAITS
1.2.1 Whole-plant traits1.2.2 Bud bank traits
1.2.3.1 Examples1.2.4 Additional data
Contents (1/2)
This presentation will help you to understand the data stored
in CLO-PLA3
2.1 List of traits and variables 2.2 Description of CGO types
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2. VARIABLES
2.3 Description of bud bank types
Contents (2/2)
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
The output table consists of five
blocks, marked with different colours. The output form for
Fragaria viridis is used as an example.
1. TRAITS
Whole-plant traits Bud bank traitsClonal growth traits
additional data
Reference
Additional data
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
1.1 Structure of output data
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
A brief explanation of traits follows on next
slides. For morphological terms see glossary
(accessible from the main menu).
1.2 Explanation of traits
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3 1.2 Explanation of traitsGuide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
Does primary root survive over entire plant life-span?
How does the plant reproduce? (literature data only)
Does the plant develop a storage organ not utilized for clonal growth?
At which age the plant flowers for the first time?
What is the life-span of the genet?
1.2.1. Whole-plant traits
Bud bank includes all buds on a plant
which are at disposal for vegetative regeneration.
Vertical distribution of buds in five layers.
Categorized numbers of buds per shoot and layer in well developed plants assessed from
the number of nodes or leaves.Types of the bud bank
derived from the mode of perennation of bud-bearing organs.
1.2.2. Bud bank traits
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
Types of CGO (clonal growth organs) are delimited using plant morphology: origin of CGO (stem, root, leaf),
its placement relative to soil surface (above-ground, below-ground), its storage function. This classification
of CGOs includes 17 categories (numbered 1 to 17). For a detailed description see section 2.2.
1.2.3. Clonal growth traits
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
1.2.3. Clonal growth traits
Clonal growth traits are evaluated
for particularCGO separately,
one plant may havemore CGOs (see examples on next
two slides).
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
1.2.3. Clonal growth traits 1.2.3.1 Examples (1/2)
Growth of Fragaria viridis, a species combining necessary and additive clonal growth organs.The short epigeogenous rhizome ("a" in the figure) is a necessary clonal growth organ (CGO) and above-ground horizontal rooting stem (stolon) is an additive CGO. The epigeogenous rhizome is formed by perennial stem bases of sympodial shoots. The rhizome growing at the soil surface has shortened internodes and is gradually pulled below the soil surface by roots. Its youngest parts bear green leaves at the nodes. During the current year (t0), the shoot consists of a leaf rosette (thick arrow). Its apical meristem develops an inflorescence in the second year. In the same year an offspring rosette arises from the axil of the uppermost leaf of the rosette. Generations of the shoots overlap and the plant flowers every year (t0 and t1; the dotted flowering shoot was formed in spring and died in autumn of the t0 year). The above-ground rooting stem consists of several generations of offspring shoots which arose during one season. Their first internodium is always long and is followed by several short internodes. The spacer between offspring rosettes splits in winter. Offspring plants grow several years (t1, t2, t3) as rosette shoots and produce their first stolons in the fifth year (t4), sometimes from the second year already. The offspring flowers usually in the fifth year of its life (t4).
t1
t4t3t2t1
a b
t0
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
Growth of Geranium sanguineum, a species with necessary and regenerative clonal growth organs (CGO). The hypogeogenous rhizome is an necessary CGO (a), adventitious sprouting from injured roots functions is a regenerative CGO (b). The hypogeogenous rhizome is formed by perennial bases of sympodially growing shoots (a). The bases are parts of shoots growing horizontally below the soil surface and bearing scale leaves. Above-ground parts of the shoots are non-rosette and annual, flowering every year (t0 and t1; the dotted shoot was formed last spring and died last autumn). Size of sprouts originated on root fragments are similar to those of seedlings. The shoots are replaced by sympodially growing new ones every year, producing hypogeogenous rhizomes with short increments. It takes several years (t1, t2, t3) before the new shoots flower for the first time.
t0
t1
t1 t2 t3
ab
1.2.3. Clonal growth traits 1.2.3.1 Examples (2/2)
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
If all adult plants in all populations develop a clonal growth organ (CGO), its role is considered
as necessary. If CGO is not needed for flowering and ovewintering of a plant and its is absent in some
plants or populations, its role is considered as additive. If a CGO develops after an injury, its role
is considered as regenerative.
1.2.3. Clonal growth traits (1/6)
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
1.2.3. Clonal growth traits (2/6)
Monocyclic / dicyclic / polycyclic shoots. Cycle length corresponds to the life-span of a shoot,
starting by sprouting of a bud, followed by vegetative growth, flowering and fruiting, until shoot death.
Persistence of connection, such as stolons or rhizomes, between parent and offspring ramets.
Rate of clonal multiplication.
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
1.2.3. Clonal growth traits (3/6)
Increment of clonal growth organ in horizontal direction. Some water plants form turions
or tubers which can be dispersed independently of the parent plant.
Dichotomous branching results in two equal branches. Indefinite vegetative growth of apical
meristem with flowers produced on side branches is called monopodial. If apical meristem terminates
its growth by producing generative organs and its growth is taken over by lateral branches, plant growth is sympodial. This concept is applicable
only to stems, not to adventitious sprouting from leaves and roots.
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
1.2.3. Clonal growth traits (4/6)
Offspring tillers may grow either vertically within sheath of subtending leaf
(intravaginal growth) or horizontally, breaking through sheath of subtending leaf
(extravaginal growth). Both types are sometimes combined in one species.
In some plants are roots initiated on clonal growth organs of stem origin concentrated at distal or proximal
part of the clonal growth organs (CGO), or are distributed regularly along the CGO. Not applicable to the following
CGOs: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16.
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
1.2.3. Clonal growth traits (5/6)
Leaves are either regularly distributed along the stem (no rosette) or partly concentrated at plant
base (semirosette) or middle and upper cauline leaves are missing and all leaves develop at shoot
base near the ground (rosette). This trait is for monopodial plants defined for flowering
shoots only. Dicyclic shoots bearing a rosette in the first year of plant life and tall leafy shoot in the second year are classified as semirosettes even if rosette leaves decay
at the time of flowering already.
Clonal offsprings of plants are either about as large as parent ramets
or considerably smaller.
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
When in ontogeny clonal type of clonal growth organs are formed: before, after, or at the time
of generative reproduction.
Shoot generations of sympodially growing plants may but need not overlap.
In monopodially growing plants shoot generations always overlap.
1.2.3. Clonal growth traits (6/6)
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
Filled only if the investigations were made on living plants by
the authors of the database.
Geographical coordinates.
Name of the person who identified the studied plant material.
Type of data.
1.2.4. Additional data (1/2)
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
Link to photographs of the herbarium specimens used in the study.
Type of the habitat from which the data originated.
Link to photographs of the studied plants.
Link to a B&W ink drawings of the studied plants.
Geographical area from which the data originated.
1.2.4. Additional data (2/2)
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
All variables in the output form are
categorical. The Fragaria viridis output form is used
as an example.
2. VARIABLES
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.1 List of traits and variables
Clonal growth organ rooting in the soil and providing connection between offspring
plants or formed by a creeping axis of a plant; nodes on the stem bear leaves,
internodes are usually long, the stem serves as a storage organ and a bud bank;
vegetative spreading may be fast and persistence of the horizontal above-ground stems differs considerably among species.
1 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
1
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (1/17)
1 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
2Detachable over-wintering
buds of water plants composed of tightly arranged leaves filled
by storage compounds; the turion develops axially or apically, are usually dormant and need
vernalization to re-grow.
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (2/17)
Small vegetative diaspores produced in axils of leaves on stems above-ground;
depending on the location of storage within the buds they are called bulbils
(storage located in scale leaves) or stem tubercules (storage located in the stem
part); they soon fall down from the parent plant and immediately start to grow, having
no dormancy; young plants regenerating from bulbils and tubercules resemble
seedlings in their morphology and size.
3
1 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (3/17)
A meristem which would normally develop into a flower, forms a vegetative
bud (plantlet, bulbil, root or stem tubercule) and may be soon detached from the parent plant; alternatively the whole inflorescence
lays down and plantlets root at the soil surface; offspring morphology and size
is similar to seedlings.
41 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (4/17)
Detached parts of shoot with rooting ability.
5
1 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (5/17)
6
Plant formed by a small frond (e.g. Lemna); an extremely reduced plant body of aquatic plants; its growth results in the production
of similar structures which are soon detached from parent plant.
1 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (6/17)
Small vegetative diaspores produced in axils of leaves on stems above-ground; according the location of storage within
the buds they are called root tubers (storage located in an adventitious root);
they soon fall down from the parent plant and immediately start to grow, having no dormancy; young plants
regenerating from tubercules resemble seedlings in their morphology and size.
7
1 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (7/17)
Adventitious buds on leaves formed after shedding or detaching of leaves from the parent plant; on bare wet
soil they develop into plantlets resembling seedlings in their
morphology and size.
8
1 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (8/17)
Perennating stem-originated organ formed above-ground (Serebrjakov
and Serebrjakova 1965); its distal part is covered by soil and litter or pulled
into the soil by the contraction of roots; nodes bear green leaves, the internodes
are usually short; the rhizomes bear roots and serve as a bud bank and storage organs; vegetative
spreading is usually slow (up to a few cm . year-1), persistence of epigeogenous
rhizomes differ considerably among species.
9
1 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (9/17)
Perennating stem-originated organ formed below-ground
(Serebrjakov and Serebrjakova 1965); the rhizome usually grows horizontally
at a species‑specific depth and after some time it becomes orthotropic and
forms above‑ground shoots; the horizontal part of the rhizome bears bracts,
a few roots developed at the nodes, and has long internodes; vegetative spreading is often fast, up to several
meters . yr-1; persistence of the hypogeogenous rhizome differs
considerably among species.
10
1 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (10/17)
Plant develops only one perennial tuber (usually formed by the hypocotyle), no offspring tubers are produced; in
senescing plants tubers may start to decay from their center resulting eventually in plant fragmentation.
111 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (11/17)
Below-ground, usually short‑lived storage and regenerative organ of shoot origin;
offspring tubers are attached to a parent tuber or produced at the end of
a hypogeogenous rhizome; the parent plant dies back in autumn, except for the stem
tuber(s) which bear onedominant bud, each utilised for spring
regrowth; in summer old tubers decay and new ones are formed; in addition some plants
produce smaller tubers and/or tubercules; plants growing from them resemble
in morphology and size seedlings.
12
1 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (12/17)
Storage organ consisting of storage leaves and a shortened stem base;
the bulb is formed by organs produced within a single season or in the course
of several seasons; by itself it represents one renewal bud; in addition, some plants produce smaller bulbs and/or bulbils; plants growing from them
morphologically and in size resemble seedlings.
131 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (13/17)
Plant possessing a primary root system without adventitious roots and buds;
senescing tap root of old plants decays from the root center, in some species causing plant fragmentation; an old individual genet disintegrates into ramets bearing parts of the main
root and one or a few shoots; vegetative spreading is poor; the tap root serves as a storage organ and vascular link
between shoots; the bud bank is situated on the perennial bases
of shoots (caudex).
14
1 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (14/17)
Plant roots (main root including the hypocotyle, and adventitious roots) form adventitious buds spontaneously or after
an injury; when buds are formed on horizontal roots they may enable
an extensive clonal growth; persistence of the roots with adventitious buds considerably differs among species.
15
1 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (15/17)
Below-ground storage organ; in some plants it serves as a regenerative organ
of root origin bearing a bud or buds of stem origin; in that case the plant dies back in autumn, except for the
root tuber(s) with the buds, later utilised for spring regrowth; in summer old
tubers decay and new ones are formed.
161 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (16/17)
Below-ground, usually short-lived storage and regenerative organ of shoot origin;
offspring tubers are produced at the end of a horizontal rooting aboveground leafy stem.
17
1 rooting horizontal stems at or above soil surface2 turions3 bulbils and tubers of stem origin at or above soil surface4 plantlets (pseudovivipary)5 plant fragments of stem origin6 budding plants7 root tubers at or above soil surface8 buds on leaves (gemmipary)9 epigeogenous stems
10 hypogeogenous stems11 tuber-splitters12 stem tubers13 bulbs14 root-splitters15 adventitious buds on roots16 root tubers belowground17 offspring tubers at distal end of above-ground stems
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.2 Description of CGO types (17/17)
If there are both perennial and sesonal bud-bearing organs in one layer, the bud bank is classified as
perennial; combinations of perennial BB with
potential BB, and seasonal BB with potential BB, are
possible.
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.3 Description of bud bank (BB) types - seasonality of budsin different layers in relation to the soil surface (1/2)
bud bank seasonality in individual layers(perennial - 1/ seasonal - 2/potential - 3/ 1+3 / 1+2)
Buds on plant organs persisting for
less than 2 years form a seasonal BB.
The ability to form adventitious buds on leaves or roots
implies a potential BB.
Buds on bud-bearing organs persisting
for 2 and more years form a perennial BB.
bud banklayers>10 cm10 to 0 cm0 cm0 to -10 cm< - 10 cm
Bud numbers on stem plant parts
were assessed according to nodes, leaves or
leaf-scales. Bud count was thus indirect
and numbers are categorized.
Guide to traits used in CLO-PLA3
2.3 Description of bud bank (BB) types - numbers of budsin different layers in relation to the soil surface (2/2)
>10 cm10 to 0 cm0 cm0 to -10 cm< - 10 cm
layers
numbers of buds in individual
layers
0, 1-10, >10
bud bank