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Baroque Music 1600 -1750 1
Time periods in Time periods in contextcontext
Time periods in Time periods in contextcontext
• Renaissance 1450 -1600• Baroque period 1600-1750• Classical period 1760 – 1810• Romantic period 1810 -1910• “20th Century” music up to the
present day
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Renaissance Renaissance 1450 -16001450 -1600
Renaissance Renaissance 1450 -16001450 -1600
• Studied at Higher level• When Music gradually evolved
from Modal to modern tonality
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Baroque period Baroque period 1600-17501600-1750
Baroque period Baroque period 1600-17501600-1750
• Birth of Opera• Orchestral music• Invention of violin and modern string family• Counterpoint (Polyphony)• The Harpsichord is King• Birth of Concerto• Composers:
• Bach• Handel• Vivaldi
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Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic
Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic
• The timbre of Baroque music depends on• the ensemble of instruments being
played • texture of the music: the way the
melody and harmony are combined
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Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic
Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic
• Many Baroque pieces polyphonic • several lines of music or melodies playing
together at the same time. • Creates complicated sound.
• Most polyphonic music starts simply:• One melody or theme is heard • as it carries on, another instrument (or
part) copies it slightly later
• This copying is called imitation.
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Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic
Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic
• Rounds - simplest form of imitation, • sung• Exact imitation. (like Freres Jacques)
• Instrumental version is called a canon • imitation might not be exact: the imitation
might occur at an interval of a 5th above for example.
• The complex form of canon is called a fugue studied at Higher level.
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Pachelbel’s canonPachelbel’s canonPachelbel’s canonPachelbel’s canon• In this music you will hear several
of the concepts outlined above• Imitation• Strings• Canon• Harpsichord• Polyphony
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Pachelbel’s canonPachelbel’s canonPachelbel’s canonPachelbel’s canon• ground bass - a repeating
bass line upon which the music is based • (extended ostinato), popular
during the baroque period
• The opening theme is also used for the variations decorated with twiddly bits, The twiddly bits such as trills are kinds of grace notes, (ornaments).
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Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic
Instrumental Instrumental MusicMusic• Homophony
• melody and a simple chordal accompaniment or
• parts move in rhythmic unison for most of the time
• the adjective is homophonic.
anacrusisPassing notes
Cadence
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Baroque Baroque OrchestraOrchestraBaroque Baroque
OrchestraOrchestra• Mostly consists strings, (violin, viola, cello,
double bass)• Strings can be played in a variety of ways• Bowed (ARCO)• Plucked (PIZZICATO)• DOUBLE STOPPING –playing two strings at
once.• TREMOLANDO – playing lots of very short
notes instead of the long ones in a melody• VIBRATO – the player rocks the finger on the
string while it is being bowed creating a wavering and warmer tone
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Baroque Baroque OrchestraOrchestraBaroque Baroque
OrchestraOrchestra• To this basic orchestra of strings, woodwind might be added:• flutes• oboes• bassoons
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Baroque Baroque OrchestraOrchestraBaroque Baroque
OrchestraOrchestra• Sometimes brass instruments – French horns and trumpets were added
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Baroque Baroque OrchestraOrchestraBaroque Baroque
OrchestraOrchestra• Rarely, percussion might be added effect, e.g. military drums
• In most baroque music:• Harpsichord
• keyboard instrument • thin sound like a harp. • piano not invented yet
• Harmonious Blacksmith• Piece for solo harpsichord• Theme and variations
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Baroque Baroque InstrumentsInstruments
Baroque Baroque InstrumentsInstruments
• A lot of music was also written for the church organ
• Bach: Toccatta and Fugue in D Minor
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Baroque Baroque instrumentsinstruments
Baroque Baroque instrumentsinstruments
• Recorders were often played in small groups but were rarely involved in orchestral music. Flutes were considered more suitable.
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Handel Handel ““Music for the Royal Music for the Royal
FireworksFireworks””
Handel Handel ““Music for the Royal Music for the Royal
FireworksFireworks””• Originally written for wind Originally written for wind instruments onlyinstruments only
• Suites – collection of short piecesSuites – collection of short pieces• Menuetto (minuet)Menuetto (minuet)
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Handel Handel ““Music for the Royal Music for the Royal
FireworksFireworks””
Handel Handel ““Music for the Royal Music for the Royal
FireworksFireworks””
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ConcertoConcertoConcertoConcerto• Solo instrument (or small group of
solo instruments)• Accompanied by Orchestra• Dates from the baroque period• Common musical form ever since
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Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti
Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti
• Vivaldi: The Four seasons• Set of four violin concerti• Programme music describes scenes
from each season• Each concerto consists of 3
Movements – (separate pieces of music)
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Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti
Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti• Vivaldi: The Four seasons
• Spring:1st movement - Allegro
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Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti
Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti
• Vivaldi: The Four seasons• Spring : 2nd Movement - Largo
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Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti
Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti
• Bach: Brandenburg Concerto no 2• Concertino group
• Trumpet• Oboe• Violin• Flute
• (Concerto Grosso)
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Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti
Famous Baroque Famous Baroque ConcertiConcerti• Bach: Brandenburg Concerto no 2
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OPERAOPERAOPERAOPERA•Music Drama set on stage
•Singers play different main roles
•Chorus play part of crowds, etc
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Types of voiceTypes of voice
(Register(Register))Types of voiceTypes of voice
(Register(Register))•SOPRANOSOPRANO Highest Female VoiceHighest Female Voice
•ALTOALTO Lower Female voiceLower Female voice MEZZO SOPRANO - is what solo alto is usually called in MEZZO SOPRANO - is what solo alto is usually called in
later Operas later Operas COUNTER TENOR Male, same register -COUNTER TENOR Male, same register -
•TENORTENOR Higher Male voiceHigher Male voice BARITONE Between Tenor and BassBARITONE Between Tenor and Bass
•BASSBASS Lowest Male voice
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Types of SingingTypes of SingingTypes of SingingTypes of Singing•RECITATIVE A Narrator describing a scene or moving story along NOT “song-like” Wordy, lots of lyrics
•ARIA A Song Lots of repetition and sequence MELISMA
•CHORUS an aria for the chorus
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Types of Types of OperaOpera
Types of Types of OperaOpera•OPERA
•ORATORIO•CANTATA•PASSION
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Types of OperaTypes of OperaTypes of OperaTypes of Opera• OPERA
• Music Drama set on stage• Singers play different main roles• Chorus play part of crowds etc
• ORATORIO• Story from the bible• (e.g. “Christmas” or “Ruth”)• Originally staged but now just sung
• CANTATA• Mini Oratorio
• PASSION• Oratorio based on story of suffering on the cross
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ORATORIOORATORIOORATORIOORATORIO• Story from the bible like:Story from the bible like:
““Ruth”, “Christmas” or “Jeptha”Ruth”, “Christmas” or “Jeptha”• Originally staged but now just sungOriginally staged but now just sung• CANTATA is a Mini OratorioCANTATA is a Mini Oratorio• PASSIONPASSION
• Oratorio based on story of suffering on Oratorio based on story of suffering on the crossthe cross
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PassionPassionPassionPassion• Story of events leading up to crucifiction
• Best known ones by Bach – eg St Matthew• Sung in German• Include SATB Chorales
• A cappella• homophonic
anacrusisPassing notes
Cadencesuspension
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Other Baroque Other Baroque conceptsconcepts
Other Baroque Other Baroque conceptsconcepts
• Tierce da picardie:• Perfect cadence in a minor key where
the tonic chord (Chord 1) is unexpectedly changed to the major
• Obligato• A slow tune ( often a solo sung
chorale) decorated by a solo instrument, particularly at the end of phrases