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Linguistics and TESOL
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Uniqueness of LanguageOrigins
Uniqueness of Language“Speech is so essential to our concept of intelligence that its possession is virtually equated with being human. Animals who talk are human because what sets us apart from other animals is the gift of speech”
(Liberman. Eve Spoke: Human Language and Human Evolution.)
“Human language is one of the most distinctive behavioral adaptations on the planet. Languages evolved in only one species, in only one way, without precedent, except in the most general sense. And the differences between languages and all other natural modes of communicating are vast.”
(Deacon. The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain.)
Uniqueness of LanguageHUMANS
1. Social 2. Displacement3. Ambiguous 4. Creative5. Complex Brain6. Specific Physical
Structure
ANIMALS
1. Inborn 2. No displacement3. Specific 4. Predictable5. Simpler brain6. Lacking Physical
Structure
Uniqueness of LanguageHuman language, in contrast to animal communication, reveals a specific conceptual system found only in human language:
“Theory of mind, ownership, essences, mutipart tools, fatherhood, romantic love, and most moral concepts”
(Pinker and Jackendoff).
What is the Origin of Language?“The world’s languages evolved spontaneously. They were not designed.”
(Deacon. The Symbolic Species: The Co-Evolution of Language and the Brain.)
“Research that will help answer the complex questions involved continues, with the focus now more on How did language evolve? than on Did language evolve?”
(Kenneally 2007)
Evolution of LanguageBrain SizeAdvanced tool makingRise of aesthetics, the artsSocial behavior
Creation of LanguageGenesis 1:1-3:24Read the passageAnalyze the conversations
Purpose of LanguageLanguage
Relationship
God and People
Be Fruitful and Multiply
Rule
World and Animals
Subdue and Have
Dominion
Language of RelationshipFathe
r
SpiritSon
Language of Relationship
God
SatanAngels
Language of Relationship
God
SatanPeople
Language of RelationshipHusban
d
ChildrenWife
Language of Rule
God
Creation Rivers
Man
Animals Wife
Linguistics
LinguisticsPhonetics
PhonologyMorphologySyntaxSemantics
Linguistics: Study of LanguageSounds /Production PHONETICSSounds / Patterns PHONOLOGYWords
MORPHOLOGYSentences SYNTAXMeaning / Words SEMANTICSMeaning / Context Pragmatics
Linguistics: Study of LanguageSociety SociolinguisticsMental PsycholinguisticsBrain NeurolinguisticsHistory Historical
LinguisticsComputers
Computational LinguisticsEducation TESOLTranslation Bible
Translation
TESOLWhat Can I Do With a TESOL Certificate?
16th Century English“The speeche of Englande is a base speche to other noble speeches, as Italion, Castylion and Frenche, howbeit the speche of Englande of late dayes is amended.”
Andrew Boorde, The First boke of the Introduction of Knowledge. Ann Curzon and Michael Adams. How English Works: A Linguistic Introduction. 2009. (499).
21st Century English“The fact is that right now, English is the
language most often associated with globalization.”
“Within little more than a generation, we have moved from a situation when a world language
was a theoretical possibility to one where it is an evident reality.”
“As we consider the future of English as a world language, we have no historical precedent to turn to. No language has ever been spoken as widely
around the world as English currently is”
Curzon and Adams (499).. David Crystal, English as a Global Language, 2003 (Curzon 498. Curzon and Adams (499).
Future of English“…the number of people throughout the
world speaking some variety of English as a second language is increasing. Some estimates predict that by about 2017 as
many as three billion people (about forty-three percent of the estimated world
population at the time) will speak English as a native language, a second language,
or a foreign language.”
Bruce Rowe and Diane Levine. A Concise Introduction to Linguistics. 2nd ed. 2009. (366).
English as a First/ Native Language
370 million
David Graddol. The Future of English? 2000 (Curzon 501).
ENL
U.S.
England
Canada
Australia
New Zealan
d
S. Africa
English as a Second/ Official
Language
ESL
Anguilla
Antigua
Aruba
Belize
Botswana
Bermuda370 million
David Graddol. The Future of English? 2000 (Curzon 501).
English as a Foreign
Language
EFLChina
Russia
Germany
Sweden
Spain
750 million
David Graddol. The Future of English? 2000 (Curzon
501).
ESL and EFL in Europe 80-90% English use Sweden, Netherlands,
Denmark
60-70% English use Finland, Luxembourg, Belgium
50-60% English use Austria, Germany, Greece
30-40% English use France, Portugal, Italy, Spain
Study: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archieves/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf .
English in the World
English
United Nations
Olympics
NATO
Air/Sea Safety
European Union
Org. African Unity
S.E. Asian
Nations
Org. African Unity
English in the World
English
Academic Pub.
Newspapers
Films
Pop Music
Stored Data
Tourism
ESL in US1. California (40% or 12.4 million non-native English
speakers) 2. Texas (32% or 6 million non-native English speakers) 3. New York (28% or 4.9 million non-native English speakers) 4. Florida (24% or 3.4 million non-native English speakers) 5. Illinois (20% or 2.2 million non-native English speakers)
The country: 19% or 52 million non-native English speakers
ESL Growth
From 2000 to 2005: Native English speakers declined by .4% while non-native English speakers increased by 2% (5 million).
Non-English Languages in St. Louis CountySpanish 16,760 1.76% German 5,795 0.60% French 4,714 0.49% Chinese 4,375 0.45% Russian 3,015 0.31% Italian 2,145 0.22% Serbo-Croatian 1,834 0.19%
Non-English Languages in Florissant
Spanish or Spanish Creole 665 French (incl. Patois, Cajun)
301 African languages 209
Non-English Languages in Madison County, IL
Spanish 3,675 1.51% German 1,245 0.51% French 684 0.28% Italian 375 0.15%
Need for ESL“Those who do not speak or read English are relegated
to a lower social status in the world because they do not have access to much of the information that is
necessary to succeed economically in the 21st century”
“Being a native English speaker in today’s world
automatically gives one many communicative privileges—and often social, economic, and
educational privileges as well”
Bruce Rowe and Diane Levine (367). Curzon and Adams (507).
TESOLTeaching English to Students of Other Languages
“Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc. (TESOL) is an
independent professional organization established in 1966.
The organization was created out of professional concern over the lack of a
single, all-inclusive professional organization that might bring together
teachers and administrators at all educational levels with an interest in teaching English to speakers of other
languages (ESOL).”
TESOL
Language
Culture
InstructionAssessment
Professionalism
TESOLwww.tesol.org
TESOL Certificate
Structural/Social LinguisticsSecond Language Acquisition/Methods
Assessment/Materials
Structural and Social Linguistics
Second Language Acquisition and
Methods
Assessment and Materials of TESOL
Uses of a TESOL certificate1. Tutor International students at SLCC in
Academic English2. Teach Conversational English as a
Church Ministry3. Teach ESL as part of a broader cross-
cultural Ministry4. Teach ESL as a tent-making profession
overseas5. Pursue graduate-level training in
TESOL
Other Opportunities for ESLCollege and UniversitiesPrimary and Secondary SchoolsLanguage InstitutesEnglish CampsChurchesTutoring
Handbook for Christian EFL Teachers (29).
TESOL in ChurchesCovenant Life Church / Gaithersburg, MA
www.covlife.org/eslSunset Presbyterian Church / Portland, OR
www.sunsetpres.org/eslWestminster Chapel / Bellevue, WA
www.westminister.org
Lab Week: Houston, Texas
Christian Educators TESOL“The Christian Educators in TESOL Caucus (CETC) is
composed of persons who have a common interest in the teaching of English to speakers of other languages and who share a common belief in Jesus Christ.”
www.cetesol.org
Additional TrainingMaster's Degree Endorsement or Add-On Certification in ESLCommon CertificatesTEFL CertificateCambridge UCLES CELTASIT TESOL CertificateTrinity Certificate in TESOLDistance Learning Options