TO TRACE THE EVENTS THAT LEAD ROME FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE BY LOOKING AT THE RISE AND FALL OF JULIUS CEASAR

*CIVIL WAR ENSUES FOR THE NEXT 50 YEARS AFTER THE ABDICATION OF SULLA IN 79BCE

*HISTORY OF LATE REPUBLIC ONE OF POWER STRUGGLES AMONG ROME’S MOST FAMOUS

*SULLA’S EFFORTS TO RESTORE CONSTITUTION UNSUCCESSFUL

*REPUBLIC DOOMED WHEN POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS FAILED TO MEET NEEDS OF EXPANSION AND WHEN SOLDIERS & GENERALS NO LONGER LOYAL TO STATE

*POMPEY (106-48BCE) ALLY OF SULLAMILITARY APPT. IN SPAIN 77BCE

RETURNS TO ROME A HERO 71BCE

THREATENS REBELLION UNLESS SENATE LETS HIM RUN FOR CONSUL

*CRASSUS (112-53BCE)

AMBITIOUS POLITICIAN, RICH

PUT DOWN SPARTACUS REBELLION 73BCE

SET ASIDE DIFFERENCES & BECOME CO-CONSULS 70BCE

*UNDID WORK OF SULLA

*RESTORE POWER TO POPULARES, TRIBUNES & EQUITES

*POMPEY OFF TO THE EAST & RETURNS W/ MEN VICTORIOUS BUT LAND NOT AVAILABLE

*CICERO CONSUL 63BCE – NOT A MILITARY MAN & CLEARLY ONE IS NEEDED

*SEES THAT COOPERATION AMONG SENATE & EQUESTRIANS IMPORTANT

*SENATE NOT A FAN OF POMPEY

*PERHAPS A 3RD ALTERNATIVE

• SPOKESMAN FOR THE POPULARES

• UNCLE WAS MARIUS

• WORKED HIS WAY UP THROUGH THE MILITARY RANKS 1ST IN SPAIN

• COMBINES RESOURCES W/ CRASSUS & POMPEY

• FIRST TRIUMVIRATE

• ELECTED CONSUL 59BCE & USES POPULAR ASSEMBLY TO ACHIEVE GOALS OF THE TRIUMVIRATE

• LAND FOR VETS, LOWER TAXES FOR EQUITES, SPECIAL COMMISSION IN GAUL

• GOVERNOR OF GAUL 58BCE & CONQUERED ALL OF IT BY 50BCE

*JC SUCCESSFUL IN GAUL & REAFFIRMS IMPORTANCE OF MILITARY EXPERIENCE IN LEADERS

*55BCE CONSULS AGAIN & MORE BENEFITS FOR THE TRIUMVIRATE

*JC 5 MORE YEARS IN GAUL

*CRASSUS – SYRIA (DIES)

*POMPEY – SPAIN

*COMPETITION B/W JC & POMPEY

*SENATE FAVORS POMPEY

*JC TOLD TO LAY DOWN ARMS & RETURN TO ROME – NOT WHAT SOLDIERS DO

*CROSSES RUBICON, ENTERS ROME 1/10/49BCE & POMPEY FLED TO GREECE & JC FOLLOWS, POMPEY DIES & JC RETURNS TRIUMPHANT

*47BCE DICTATOR – UNWILLING TO GIVE UP POWER, INFLUENCE & WEALTH – REPUBLIC GONE FOREVER

*REFORMS MADE AT EXPENSE OF OLD CONSTITUTION

* EXTEND CITIZENSHIP TO MANY PROVINCIALS

* MANY VETS, POOR & UNEMPLOYED SENT TO MED. COLONIES

* FOUNDED NEW COLONIES WHICH HELPED ROMANIZE EMPIRE

* EMPIRE OF CITIZENS NOT SUBJECTS

*44BCE APPOINTED DICTATOR FOR LIFE BUT NOT EVERYONE HAPPY

*GENEROUS LEADER, PARDONED MANY, REPLACED CALENDAR W/ EGYPTIAN SOLAR YEAR (JULIAN CALENDAR BY 1582)

*IDES OF MARCH – ET TU BRUTE? ASSASSINATED & SET OFF ANOTHER ROUND OF CIVIL WAR

*OCTAVIAN REPLACES HIS GREAT UNCLE