Today:•Genetic Technology Wrap-up

•Exam Review

Remember: Final Exam is Wednesday, 12/13 at 1

pm!

Concept Check: Can you Concept Check: Can you map the steps/process map the steps/process that get you to a DNA that get you to a DNA

sequence like this?sequence like this?

One Last Problem: Ordering the One Last Problem: Ordering the FragmentsFragments

PCR: A

Quick Revie

wPCR helps make

GENOMICS possible!

Studying Gene

Expression: DNA

Microarrays

Below: The Results of a

DNA Microarray or

DNA Chip Analysis

Above: The process of making a chip, like much of current DNA Technology, is heavily

automated.

DNA is often “Fingerprinted” using a Southern Blot:

A Southern Blot:

Molecular Identification of Streptomycin Monoresistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Related to Multidrug-Resistant W Strain, P. Bifani et al., 2001

This Southern Blot was used to

characterize Tuberculosis outbreaks in

New York City. Strain W is multi-drug resistant.

1. Consider the enzyme pathway:1. Consider the enzyme pathway:

Enzyme 1Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2 Enzyme 2

A A B B C C

According to Beadle and Tatums’ one According to Beadle and Tatums’ one gene-one enzyme hypothesis, how many gene-one enzyme hypothesis, how many gene(s) is (are) necessary for this gene(s) is (are) necessary for this pathway?pathway?

a. 0a. 0 b. 2b. 2 c. 1c. 1 d. 3d. 3e. it cannot be determinede. it cannot be determined

2. RNA differs from DNA in 2. RNA differs from DNA in that RNAthat RNA

a. contains uracil instead of thyminea. contains uracil instead of thymine

b. is found only in the cytoplasmb. is found only in the cytoplasm

c. contains ribose as its sugarc. contains ribose as its sugar

d. both a and c are correctd. both a and c are correct

e. a, b, and c are correct.e. a, b, and c are correct.

3. Where is the attachment 3. Where is the attachment site for RNA polymerase?site for RNA polymerase?

a. initiation regiona. initiation regionb. operator regionb. operator regionc. structural gene regionc. structural gene regiond. regulator regiond. regulator regione. promoter regione. promoter region

4. All of the following are found 4. All of the following are found in prokaryotic messenger RNA in prokaryotic messenger RNA exceptexcept

a. cytosinea. cytosineb. intronsb. intronsc. the UGA (stop) codonc. the UGA (stop) codond. uracild. uracile. the AUG (start) codone. the AUG (start) codon

5.Which of the following DNA mutations is the most

potentially damaging to the protein it specifies?

a. a substitution in the last base of a codon

b. a codon deletionc. a point mutation (base substitution)

d. a codon substitutione. a base-pair deletion

6. The alteration of a cell’s genotype by the uptake of

naked, foreign DNA from the surrounding environment is

called a

a. transduction b. conjunction c. prionization d. transformatione. horizontal transmission

7. What does the operon model explain?

a. the control mechanism of gene expression in bacteriab. bacterial resistance to antibioticsc. the mechanism of viral attachment to a host celld. horizontal transmission of plant virusese. how genes move between homologous regions of DNA

8. All of the following consist of a sequence of nucleotide

bases except

a. a structural gene b. a promoter

c.a regulatory gene d. an operator

e. a repressor

9. A DNA sequence reads:

5`- CCAGTGAGC-3`

Which of the following

polypeptide sequences

could it code for?a. Gly-His-Ser b. Ser-His-Gly

c. Pro-Val-Ser d. Ser-Val-Pro

e. Ala-His-Try

10. True (A) or False (B):

In eukaryotic cells, introns are transcribed.

11. True (A) or False (B):

A codon may code for the same amino acid as another codon.

12. True (A) or False (B):

In a specialized transduction, random portions of bacterial

DNA are transferred from one bacteria cell to another.

13. True (A) or False (B):

Conjugation may be initiated by either a F+ or a Hfr cell; this cell acts as the DNA donor.

14. True (A) or False (B):

Acetylation of the tails of histone proteins triggers the

condensation of chromatin.

15. In DNA technology, the process of doing repeated DNA replication to copy a particular

region of DNA is called

a.A Southern Blot b. Gene Cloning

c.PCR d. DNA Sequencing

e. A Microarray

16. A Southern Blot can confirm 16. A Southern Blot can confirm the identity of a band of DNA on the identity of a band of DNA on a gel because of a gel because of

a. the distance the band traveled in the gela. the distance the band traveled in the gelb. the pattern of transfer to a membraneb. the pattern of transfer to a membranec. unique protein-DNA interactions on the c. unique protein-DNA interactions on the

membranemembraned. the binding of specific probes to the bandd. the binding of specific probes to the bande. careful sequencing of all possible bandse. careful sequencing of all possible bands

17. Muscle cells and nerve cells 17. Muscle cells and nerve cells in one species of animal owe in one species of animal owe their differences in structure their differences in structure toto

a. having different genesa. having different genes

b. having different b. having different chromosomeschromosomes

c. using different genetic codesc. using different genetic codes

d. expressing different genesd. expressing different genes

e. having unique ribosomese. having unique ribosomes

18. Which of the following best 18. Which of the following best describes the approximate describes the approximate percent of the human genome percent of the human genome that appears to directly code that appears to directly code for proteins?for proteins?

a. < 5%a. < 5%

b. ~25%b. ~25%

c. ~50%c. ~50%

d. ~75%d. ~75%

e. > 95%e. > 95%

19. Gene expression can be 19. Gene expression can be controlled by controlled by

a. alternative splicing of a. alternative splicing of intronsintrons

b. mRNA degradationb. mRNA degradation

c. translation initiationc. translation initiation

d. protein processing and d. protein processing and degradationdegradation

e. all of the abovee. all of the above

20. Which of the following best 20. Which of the following best describes the function of the describes the function of the dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) used in DNA sequencing? They…used in DNA sequencing? They…

a.a. act as probes, allowing for the act as probes, allowing for the identification of specific DNA molecules.identification of specific DNA molecules.

b.b. provide the basic building blocks for the provide the basic building blocks for the DNA polymeraseDNA polymerase

c.c. provide the energy source for the provide the energy source for the synthesis of new DNA polymerssynthesis of new DNA polymers

d.d. terminate the synthesis of DNA at random terminate the synthesis of DNA at random locationslocations

e.e. provide a double-stranded binding site for provide a double-stranded binding site for the attachment of the DNA polymerasethe attachment of the DNA polymerase

I thought the last exam wasI thought the last exam was

a. Too longa. Too long

b. Too shortb. Too short

c. Just rightc. Just right

d. Too hardd. Too hard

e. Too easye. Too easy

If I was taking this class If I was taking this class again, I would wantagain, I would want

a. 4 exams like this timea. 4 exams like this time

b. 3 exams (more class b. 3 exams (more class time!)time!)

c. just a midterm and a finalc. just a midterm and a final

d. no exams!d. no exams!

e. homeworke. homework