Topic 6Topic 6

Topic 6: Formation of Compounds

Basic Concepts

Additional Concepts

Table of ContentsTable of ContentsTopic 6Topic 6

• Sodium chloride occurs naturally in large, solid, underground deposits throughout the world and is dissolved in the world’s oceans.

Salt: A Familiar Compound

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic Concepts

• Salt can be obtained by mining these solid deposits, and by the evaporation of seawater.

Topic 6Topic 6

• Table salt is a white solid at room temperature.

Physical Properties of Salt

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic Concepts

• If sodium chloride is heated to a temperature of about 800°C, it melts and forms liquid salt.

Topic 6Topic 6

• Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity, but melted sodium chloride does.

• Salt also dissolves easily in water. The resulting solution is an excellent conductor of electricity.

• Salt does not react readily with other substances.

Chemical Properties of Salt

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic Concepts

• Sodium is a shiny, silvery-white, soft, solid element.

Topic 6Topic 6

Properties of Sodium

• Sodium melts to form a liquid when it is heated above 98°C.

Properties of Sodium

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic Concepts

• Sodium must be stored under oil because it reacts with oxygen and water vapor in the air.

Topic 6Topic 6

• Because of its high reactivity, the free element sodium is never found in the environment.

• The element chlorine, is a pale green, poisonous gas with a choking odor.

Properties of Chlorine

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic Concepts

• Like sodium, it is among the most reactive of the elements and must be handled with extreme care.

Topic 6Topic 6

• Because chlorine is slightly soluble in water, it is an excellent disinfectant for swimming pools.

• The mixture of gases that you exhale contains more than 100 times the amount of carbon dioxide that was in the air that you inhaled.

Composition of Inhaled and Exhaled Air

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas.

Physical Properties of Carbon Dioxide

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• When carbon dioxide is cooled below 280°C, the gas changes directly to white, solid carbon dioxide without first becoming a liquid.

Physical Properties of Carbon Dioxide

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Because the solid form of carbon dioxide does not melt to a liquid, it is called dry ice.

• Carbon is a nonmetal and is fairly unreactive at room temperature.

The Properties of Carbon

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• However, at higher temperatures, it reacts with many other elements.

• The majority of compounds that make up living things contain carbon.

• Oxygen is another nonmetal. It is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that makes up about 21 percent of the air you breathe.

The Properties of Oxygen

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Oxygen gas becomes a liquid when it is cooled to –183°C, and it is slightly soluble in water.

• Oxygen is more reactive than carbon. • A prime example of its reactivity is the

process of rusting, in which the element iron combines with oxygen from air.

• Referring to the circle graph, one can see that oxygen is the most abundant element in Earth’s crust.

Elemental Composition of Earth’s Crust

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Nearly all of this oxygen occurs in compounds with other elements.

• Water covers approximately 70 percent of Earth’s surface and also makes up about 70 percent of the mass of the average human body.

Physical Properties of Water

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Water is the only one of the three compounds that occurs in Earth’s environment in all three states of matter.

Physical Properties of Water

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Liquid water boils into gaseous water (steam) at 100°C and freezes to solid water (ice) at 0°C.

• It is often called the universal solvent in recognition of this valuable property.

Chemical Properties of Water

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Water is a stable compound, and acts as a medium in which chemical reactions occur.

The Properties of Hydrogen

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe.

• Hydrogen is usually classified as a nonmetal. • Hydrogen is a reactive element. • It occurs in a variety of compounds,

particularly water. • Hydrogen reacts vigorously with many

elements, including oxygen. • Hydrogen does not conduct electricity and is

only slightly soluble in water.

Chemical Reactions

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

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The Octet Rule

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Noble gases are unlike any other group of elements on the periodic table because of their extreme stability.

• Each noble gas has eight valence electrons, except for helium, which has two.

The Octet Rule

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• The modern model of how atoms react to form compounds is based on the fact that the stability of a noble gas results from the arrangement of its valence electrons.

• This model of chemical stability is called the octet rule.

The Octet Rule

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• The octet rule says that atoms can become stable by having eight electrons in their outer energy level, as shown in the noble gas, Neon, (or two electrons in the case of some of the smallest atoms).

The Octet Rule

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Elements become stable by achieving the same configuration of valence electrons as one of the noble gases, a noble gas configuration.

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Electrons Can Be Transferred

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Sodium is in Group 1, so it has one valence electron.

• Chlorine is in Group 17 and has seven valence electrons.

Electrons Can Be Transferred

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• How can the valence electrons of atoms rearrange to give each atom a stable configuration of valence electrons?

• If the one valence electron of sodium is transferred to the chlorine atom, chlorine becomes stable with an octet of electrons.

Electrons Can Be Transferred

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Because the chlorine atom now has an extra electron, it has a negative charge.

• Also, because sodium lost an electron, it now has an unbalanced proton in the nucleus and therefore has a positive charge.

Electrons Can Be Transferred

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Now that each atom has an octet of outer-level electrons, they are no longer neutral atoms; they are charged particles called ions.

• An ion is an atom or group of combined atoms that has a charge because of the loss or gain of electrons.

Electrons Can Be Transferred

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• A compound that is composed of ions is called an ionic compound.

• Note that only the arrangement of electrons has changed. Nothing about the atom’s nucleus has changed. Click box to view movie clip.

Formation of an Ionic Compound

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Remember that objects with opposite charges attract each other.

• The strong attractive force between ions of opposite charge is called an ionic bond.

• The force of the ionic bond holds ions together in an ionic compound.

Formation of an Ionic Compound

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Unprotected aluminum metal reacts with oxygen in air, forming the white coating you can observe on aluminum objects such as lawn furniture.

• Explain the formation of an ionic compound from the elements aluminum and oxygen.

Formation of an Ionic Compound

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

1. Analyze the Problem • You are given that aluminum and oxygen

react to form an ionic compound. • Aluminum is a group 3A element with three

valence electrons, and oxygen is a group 6A element with six valence electrons.

• To acquire a noble gas configuration, each aluminum atom must lose three electrons and each oxygen atom must gain two electrons.

Formation of an Ionic Compound

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

2. Solve for the Unknown • Remember that the number of electrons

lost must equal the number of electrons gained.

• The smallest number evenly divisible by the three electrons lost by aluminum and the two gained by oxygen is six.

• Three oxygen atoms are needed to gain the six electrons lost by two aluminum atoms.

Formation of an Ionic Compound

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

3. Evaluate the Answer

• The overall charge on one unit of this compound is zero.

Formation of Water by Electron Sharing

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• The stability of the atoms in a water molecule results from a cooperative arrangement in which the eight valence electrons (six from oxygen and one each from two hydrogens) are distributed among the three atoms.

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• By sharing an electron pair with the oxygen, each hydrogen claims two electrons in its outer level.

Formation of Water by Electron Sharing

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• By this method, each atom achieves a stable noble gas configuration.

• The oxygen, by sharing two electrons with two hydrogens, claims a stable octet in its outer level.

Formation of Water by Electron Sharing

Electron Sharing Produces Molecules

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Notice that in a covalent bond, atoms share electrons and neither atom has an ionic charge.

• The attraction of two atoms for a shared pair of electrons is called a covalent bond.

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Electron Sharing Produces Molecules

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• A compound whose atoms are held together by covalent bonds is a covalent compound.

• Water is a covalent compound.

Electron Sharing Produces Molecules

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• A molecule is an uncharged group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. • Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a typical covalent compound.

Explaining the Properties of Ionic Compounds

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Ionic compounds are composed of well-organized, tightly bound ions. • These ions form a strong, three-dimensional crystal structure.

• Ionic compounds are crystalline solids at room temperature.

Explaining the Properties of Ionic Compounds

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Ionic compounds usually have to be heated to high temperatures in order to melt them because the attractions between ions of opposite charge are strong.

Electrolytes

Formation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Basic ConceptsTopic 6Topic 6

• Another physical property of ionic compounds is their tendency to dissolve in water and conduct electricity in the liquid (melted) state.

• Any compound that conducts electricity when melted or dissolved in water is an electrolyte.

• In order to conduct electricity, ions must be free to move because they must take on or give up electrons.

Basic Assessment QuestionsBasic Assessment Questions

Question 1

What is the difference between sodium and chlorine?

Topic 6Topic 6

Answer

Sodium is a metal that can be cut with a knife and has a silvery luster where it has been cut. Chlorine is a pale green, poisonous gas that kills living cells.

Basic Assessment QuestionsBasic Assessment Questions

Question 2

How many valence electrons must an atom have in its outer energy level in order to be considered stable?

Topic 6Topic 6

Answer

The answer is 8.

Basic Assessment QuestionsBasic Assessment Questions

Question 3

Do atoms that share a covalent bond have an ionic charge?

Topic 6Topic 6

Answer

No, the atoms share electrons and neither atom has a charge.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Topic 6Topic 6

Additional Concepts

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Forming Chemical Bonds

• When energy is added to or taken away from a system, one phase can change into another.

• The force that holds two atoms together is called a chemical bond.

Topic 6Topic 6

• Chemical bonds form because of attractions between oppositely charged atoms, called ions, or between electrons and nuclei.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Forming Chemical Bonds

• A cation, or positive ion, is formed when an atom loses one or more electrons.

• An anion, or negative ion, is formed when an atom gains one or more electrons.

Topic 6Topic 6

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Determining Charges of Ions

• To determine the electron configuration, refer to the periodic table.

• Write the formula of the ion the atom is most likely to form.

Topic 6Topic 6

• Next, identify that ion as a cation or an anion.

• Finally, write the electron configuration of the ion.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Determining Charges of Ions

• For example:

• bromine (Br), element 35

Topic 6Topic 6

• (neutral Br: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p5; ion: Br– , anion 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p6)

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Properties of ionic compounds and lattice energy

• In a solid ionic compound, the positive ions are surrounded by negative ions, and the negative ions by positive ions.

Topic 6Topic 6

• The resulting structure is called a crystal lattice and contains a regular, repeating, three-dimensional arrangement of ions.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Properties of ionic compounds and lattice energy

• The energy required to separate one mole of the ions of an ionic compound is called lattice energy, which is expressed as a negative quantity.

Topic 6Topic 6

• The greater (that is, the more negative) the lattice energy is, the stronger is the force of attraction between the ions.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Properties of ionic compounds and lattice energy

• Lattice energy tends to be greater for more-highly-charged ions and for small ions than for ions of lower charge or large size.

Topic 6Topic 6

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Properties of ionic compounds and lattice energy

• Based on the properties of the following “unknowns,” each is classified as either ionic or not ionic.

Topic 6Topic 6

Ionic Not Ionichas a high boiling point and shatters when hammered

conducts electricity when liquid and has a low melting point

has a high melting point and conducts electricity when dissolved in water

conducts electricity when solid

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Properties of ionic compounds and lattice energy

• Between each of the following pairs of ionic compounds, only one would be expected to have the higher (more negative) lattice energy.

Topic 6Topic 6

1. LiF or KBr (LiF would have the higher lattice energy)

2. NaCl or MgS (MgS would have the higher lattice energy)

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds

• The simplest ratio of the ions represented in an ionic compound is called a formula unit.

Topic 6Topic 6

• The overall charge of any formula unit is zero.

• In order to write a correct formula unit, one must know the charge of each ion.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds

Topic 6Topic 6

• The charges of monatomic ions, or ions containing only one atom, can often be determined by referring to the periodic table or table ofcommon ions based on group number.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds

• For example, ions of group 1A typically have a charge of 1+.

Topic 6Topic 6

• Those of group 2A have a charge of 2+.

• Those of group 7A have a charge of 1–.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds

• The charge of a monatomic ion is equal to its oxidation number.

Topic 6Topic 6

• The oxidation number, or oxidation state, of an ion in an ionic compound is numerically equal to the number of electrons that were transferred to or from an atom of the element in forming the compound.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Oxidation Numbers

• Oxidation numbers can be used to determine the chemical formulas for ionic compounds.

Topic 6Topic 6

• If the oxidation number of each ion is multiplied by the number of that ion present in a formula unit, and then the results are added, the sum must be zero.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Oxidation Numbers

• In the formula for an ionic compound, the symbol of the cation is written before that of the anion.

Topic 6Topic 6

• Subscripts, or small numbers written to the lower right of the chemical symbols, show the numbers of ions of each type present in a formula unit.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Naming ionic compounds • In naming ionic compounds, name the cation

first, then the anion.

Topic 6Topic 6

• Monatomic cations use the element name. • Monatomic anions use the root of the

element name plus the suffix -ide. • If an element can have more than one

oxidation number, use a Roman numeral in parentheses after the element name, for example, iron(II) to indicate the Fe2+ ion.

• For polyatomic ions, use the name of the ion.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Naming ionic compounds • Certain polyatomic ions, called oxyanions,

contain oxygen and another element.

Topic 6Topic 6

• If two different oxyanions can be formed by an element, the suffix -ate is used for the oxyanion containing more oxygen atoms, and the suffix -ite for the oxyanion containing fewer oxygens.

• In the case of the oxyanions of the halogens, the following special rules are used.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Naming ionic compounds

• four oxygens, per + root + -ate (example: perchlorate, ClO4

–)

Topic 6Topic 6

• three oxygens, root + -ate (example: chlorate, ClO3

–)

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Naming ionic compounds Topic 6Topic 6

• two oxygens, root + -ite (example: chlorite, ClO2

–)

• one oxygen, hypo- + root + -ite (example: hypochlorite, ClO–)

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Naming ionic compounds

• The formulas below are followed by their ionic compound.

Topic 6Topic 6

1. NaBrO3 (sodium bromate)

2. Mg(NO3)2 (magnesium nitrate)

3. NH4ClO4 (ammonium perchlorate)

4. Al(ClO)3 (aluminum hypochlorite)

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Metallic Bonds and Properties of Metals• The bonding in metals is explained by the

electron sea model, which proposes that the atoms in a metallic solid contribute their valence electrons to form a “sea” of electrons that surrounds metallic cations.

Topic 6Topic 6

• These delocalized electrons are not held by any specific atom and can move easily throughout the solid.

• A metallic bond is the attraction between these electrons and a metallic cation.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Metallic Bonds and Properties of MetalsTopic 6Topic 6

• Metals generally have extremely high boiling points because it is difficult to pull metal atoms completelyaway from the group of cations and attracting electrons.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Metallic Bonds and Properties of MetalsTopic 6Topic 6

• The delocalized electrons make metals good conductors of electricity.

• Metals are also malleable (able to be hammered into sheets) and ductile (able to bedrawn into wire) because of the mobility of the particles.

Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts Formation of Compounds: Additional ConceptsFormation of Compounds: Additional Concepts

Metallic Bonds and Properties of Metals

• A mixture of elements that has metallic properties is called an alloy.

Topic 6Topic 6

• Alloys can be of two basic types. • A substitutional alloy is one in which atoms

of the original metal are replaced by other atoms of similar size.

• An interstitial alloy is one in which the small holes in a metallic crystal are filled by other smaller atoms.

Additional Assessment QuestionsAdditional Assessment Questions

What is the electron configuration, in abbreviated form, for nickel?

Question 1 Topic 6Topic 6

[Ar]4s23d8

Answer

Additional Assessment QuestionsAdditional Assessment Questions

What structure has positive ions surrounded by negative ions, and the negative ions surrounded by positive ions?

Question 2 Topic 6Topic 6

a crystal lattice

Answer

Additional Assessment QuestionsAdditional Assessment Questions

What is the correct formula for the ionic compound aluminum sulfate?

Question 3 Topic 6Topic 6

Al2(SO4)3

Answer

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems

Determine the correct formula for the ionic compound composed of the following pairs of ions.

Question 1Topic 6Topic 6

aluminum and carbonate

Al2(CO3)3

Answer 1a

Question 1a Topic 6Topic 6

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems

magnesium and carbonate

MgCO3

Answer 1b

Question 1b Topic 6Topic 6

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems

calcium and chlorate

Ca(ClO3)2

Answer 1c

Question 1c Topic 6Topic 6

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems

Name the following compounds.

Question 2Topic 6Topic 6

Co(OH)2

cobalt hydroxide

Answer 2a

Question 2a Topic 6Topic 6

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems

Ag2CrO4

silver chromate

Answer 2b

Question 2b Topic 6Topic 6

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems

Na3PO4

sodium phosphate

Answer 2c

Question 2c Topic 6Topic 6

Practice ProblemsPractice Problems

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