Post on 07-Apr-2018
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A touchscreen is an electronic visual
display that can detect the presence and
location of a touch within the displayarea. The term generally refers to
touching the display of the device with a
finger or hand. Touchscreens can also
sense other passive objects, such as a
stylus. Touchscreens are common in
devices such as all-in-one computers,tablet computers, and smartphones.
The touchscreen has two main attributes.
First, it enables one to interact directlywith what is displayed, rather than
indirectly with a pointer controlled by a
mouse or touchpad. Secondly, it lets one
do so without requiring any
intermediate device that would need to
be held in the hand. Such displays canbe attached to computers, or to
networks as terminals. They also play a
prominent role in the design of digital
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appliances such as the personal digital
assistant (PDA), satellite navigation
devices, mobile phones, and videogames.Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Technologies
2.1 Resistive2.2 Surface acoustic wave
2.3 Capacitive
2.3.1 Surface capacitance
2.3.2 Projected capacitance
2.3.2.1 Mutual capacitance
2.3.2.2 Self-capacitance
2.4 Infrared
2.5 Optical imaging
2.6 Dispersive signal technology
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2.7 Acoustic pulse recognition
3 Construction
4 Development
5 Ergonomics and usage
5.1 Finger stress
5.2 Fingernail as stylus5.3 Fingerprints
5.4 Combined with haptics
5.5 Gorilla arm
6 Screen protectors
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
10 External links
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[edit]
History
The prototype[1] x-y mutual capacitance
touchscreen (left) developed at
CERN[2][3] in 1977 by Bent Stumpe, a
Danish electronics engineer, for thecontrol room of CERN’s accelerator
SPS (Super Proton Synchrotron). This
was a further development of the self
capacitance screen (right), also
developed by Stumpe at CERN[4] in
1972.
The first touch screen was a capacitive
touch screen developed by E.A.
Johnson at the Royal Radar
Establishment, Malvern, UK. The
inventor briefly described his work in a
short article published in 1965[5] and
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then more fully - along with
photographs and diagrams - in an
article published in 1967.[6] Adescription of the applicability of the
touch technology for air traffic control
was described in an article published in
1968.[7]
Note: Contrary to many accounts,[8]
while Dr. Sam Hurst played an
important role in the development of
touch technologies, he neither invented
the first touch sensor, nor the firsttouch screen.
Touchscreens first gained some visibility
with the invention of the computer-
assisted learning terminal, which cameout in 1972 as part of the PLATO
project. Touchscreens have
subsequently become familiar in
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everyday life. Companies use
touchscreens for kiosk systems in retail
and tourist settings, point of salesystems, ATMs, and PDAs, where a
stylus is sometimes used to manipulate
the GUI and to enter data.
From 1979–1985, the Fairlight CMI (andFairlight CMI IIx) was a high-end
musical sampling and re-synthesis
workstation that utilized light pen
technology, with which the user could
allocate and manipulate sample andsynthesis data, as well as access
different menus within its OS by
touching the screen with the light pen.
The later Fairlight series III models
used a graphics tablet in place of the
light pen.
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The HP-150 from 1983 was one of the
world's earliest commercial touchscreen
computers. Similar to the PLATO IVsystem, the touch technology used
employed infrared transmitters and
receivers mounted around the bezel of
its 9" Sony Cathode Ray Tube (CRT),
which detected the position of any non-
transparent object on the screen.
An early attempt at a handheld game
console with touchscreen controls was
Sega's intended successor to the GameGear, though the device was ultimately
shelved and never released due to the
expensive cost of touchscreen
technology in the early 1990s.
Touchscreens would not be popularly
used for video games until the release of the Nintendo DS in 2004.[9]
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Until recently, most consumer
touchscreens could only sense one point
of contact at a time, and few have hadthe capability to sense how hard one is
touching. This is starting to change with
the commercialization of multi-touch
technology.
iPad tablet computer on a stand
The popularity of smart phones, PDAs
and tablet computers, portable videogame consoles and many types of
information appliances is driving the
demand and acceptance of common
touchscreens, for portable and
functional electronics, with a display of
a simple smooth surface and directinteraction without any hardware
(keyboard or mouse) between the user
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and content, fewer accessories are
required.
Touchscreens are popular in hospitality,
and in heavy industry, as well as kiosks
such as museum displays or room
automation, where keyboard and
mouse systems do not allow a suitablyintuitive, rapid, or accurate interaction
by the user with the display's content.
Historically, the touchscreen sensor andits accompanying controller-based
firmware have been made available by
a wide array of after-market system
integrators, and not by display, chip, or
motherboard manufacturers. Display
manufacturers and chip manufacturersworldwide have acknowledged the
trend toward acceptance of
touchscreens as a highly desirable user
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interface component and have begun to
integrate touchscreen functionality into
the fundamental design of theirproducts.
[edit]
Technologies
There are a variety of touchscreen
technologies.
[edit]
ResistiveMain article: Resistive touchscreen
A resistive touchscreen panel is composed
of several layers, the most important of which are two thin, electrically
conductive layers separated by a
narrow gap. When an object, such as a
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finger, presses down on a point on the
panel's outer surface the two metallic
layers become connected at that point:the panel then behaves as a pair of
voltage dividers with connected
outputs. This causes a change in the
electrical current, which is registered as
a touch event and sent to the controller
for processing.
[edit]
Surface acoustic wave
Main article: Surface acoustic wave
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology
uses ultrasonic waves that pass over the
touchscreen panel. When the panel is
touched, a portion of the wave is
absorbed. This change in the ultrasonic
waves registers the position of the touch
event and sends this information to the
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controller for processing. Surface wave
touchscreen panels can be damaged by
outside elements. Contaminants on thesurface can also interfere with the
functionality of the touchscreen.[10]
[edit]
Capacitive
Capacitive touchscreen of a mobile phone
Main article: Capacitive sensing
A capacitive touchscreen panel is one
which consists of an insulator such as
glass, coated with a transparent
conductor such as indium tin oxide
(ITO).[11][12] As the human body isalso an electrical conductor, touching
the surface of the screen results in a
distortion of the screen's electrostatic
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field, measurable as a change in
capacitance. Different technologies may
be used to determine the location of thetouch. The location is then sent to the
controller for processing. Unlike a
resistive touchscreen, one cannot use a
capacitive touchscreen through most
types of electrically insulating material,
such as gloves; one requires a specialcapacitive stylus, or a special-
application glove with finger tips that
generate static electricity. This
disadvantage especially affects usability
in consumer electronics, such as touch
tablet PCs and capacitive smartphones.
[edit]
Surface capacitance
In this basic technology, only one side of
the insulator is coated with a conductive
layer. A small voltage is applied to the
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layer, resulting in a uniform
electrostatic field. When a conductor,
such as a human finger, touches theuncoated surface, a capacitor is
dynamically formed. The sensor's
controller can determine the location of
the touch indirectly from the change in
the capacitance as measured from the
four corners of the panel. As it has nomoving parts, it is moderately durable
but has limited resolution, is prone to
false signals from parasitic capacitive
coupling, and needs calibration during
manufacture. It is therefore most often
used in simple applications such as
industrial controls and kiosks.[13]
[edit]
Projected capacitance
Projected Capacitive Touch (PCT)
technology is a capacitive technology
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which permits more accurate and
flexible operation, by etching the
conductive layer. An X-Y grid is formedeither by etching a single layer to form
a grid pattern of electrodes, or by
etching two separate, perpendicular
layers of conductive material with
parallel lines or tracks to form the grid
(comparable to the pixel grid found inmany LCD displays).
The greater resolution of PCT allows
operation without direct contact, suchthat the conducting layers can be
coated with further protective
insulating layers, and operate even
under screen protectors, or behind
weather and vandal-proof glass. Due to
the top layer of a PCT being glass, PCTis a more robust solution versus
resistive touch technology. Depending
on the implementation, an active or
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passive stylus can be used instead of or
in addition to a finger. This is common
with point of sale devices that requiresignature capture. Gloved fingers may
or may not be sensed, depending on the
implementation and gain settings.
Conductive smudges and similar
interference on the panel surface can
interfere with the performance. Suchconductive smudges come mostly from
sticky or sweaty finger tips, especially
in high humidity environments.
Collected dust, which adheres to the
screen due to the moisture from
fingertips can also be a problem. There
are two types of PCT: Self Capacitance
and Mutual Capacitance.
A PCT screen consists of an insulatorsuch as glass or foil, coated with a
transparent conductor – sensing
(Copper, ATO, Nanocarbon or ITO). As
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the human finger (is also a conductor)
touching the surface of the screen
results in a distortion of the localelectrostatic field, measurable as a
change in capacitance.Now PCT used
mutual capacitance, which is the more
common projected capacitive approach
and makes use of the fact that most
conductive objects are able to hold acharge if they are very close together. If
another conductive object, in this case a
finger, bridges the gap, the charge field
is interrupted and detected by the
controller. All PCT touch screens are
made up of an electrode - a matrix of
rows and columns. The capacitance can
be changed at every individual point on
the grid (intersection). It can be
measured to accurately determine the
exactly touch location. All projectedcapacitive touch (PCT) solutions have
three key features in common: • Sensor
as matrix of rows and columns• Sensor
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lies behind the touch surface • Sensor
does not use any moving parts.[14]
[edit]
Mutual capacitance
In mutual capacitive sensors, there is a
capacitor at every intersection of eachrow and each column. A 16-by-14 array,
for example, would have 224
independent capacitors. A voltage is
applied to the rows or columns.
Bringing a finger or conductive stylusclose to the surface of the sensor
changes the local electrostatic field
which reduces the mutual capacitance.
The capacitance change at every
individual point on the grid can be
measured to accurately determine thetouch location by measuring the voltage
in the other axis. Mutual capacitance
allows multi-touch operation where
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multiple fingers, palms or styli can be
accurately tracked at the same time.
[edit]
Self-capacitance
Self-capacitance sensors can have the
same X-Y grid as mutual capacitancesensors, but the columns and rows
operate independently. With self-
capacitance, the capacitive load of a
finger is measured on each column or
row electrode by a current meter. Thismethod produces a stronger signal than
mutual capacitance, but it is unable to
resolve accurately more than one finger,
which results in "ghosting", or
misplaced location sensing.
[edit]
Infrared
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Infrared sensors mounted around the
display watch for a user's touchscreeninput on this PLATO V terminal in
1981. The monochromatic plasma
display's characteristic orange glow is
illustrated.
An infrared touchscreen uses an array of
X-Y infrared LED and photodetector
pairs around the edges of the screen to
detect a disruption in the pattern of
LED beams. These LED beams crosseach other in vertical and horizontal
patterns. This helps the sensors pick up
the exact location of the touch. A major
benefit of such a system is that it can
detect essentially any input including a
finger, gloved finger, stylus or pen. It is
generally used in outdoor applications
and point of sale systems which can't
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rely on a conductor (such as a bare
finger) to activate the touchscreen.
Unlike capacitive touchscreens,infrared touchscreens do not require
any patterning on the glass which
increases durability and optical clarity
of the overall system.
[edit]Optical imaging
This is a relatively modern development
in touchscreen technology, in which twoor more image sensors are placed
around the edges (mostly the corners)
of the screen. Infrared back lights are
placed in the camera's field of view on
the other side of the screen. A touch
shows up as a shadow and each pair of cameras can then be pinpointed to
locate the touch or even measure the
size of the touching object (see visual
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hull). This technology is growing in
popularity, due to its scalability,
versatility, and affordability, especiallyfor larger units.
[edit]
Dispersive signal technology
Introduced in 2002 by 3M, this system
uses sensors to detect the mechanical
energy in the glass that occurs due to a
touch. Complex algorithms then
interpret this information and providethe actual location of the touch.[15] The
technology claims to be unaffected by
dust and other outside elements,
including scratches. Since there is no
need for additional elements on screen,
it also claims to provide excellentoptical clarity. Also, since mechanical
vibrations are used to detect a touch
event, any object can be used to
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generate these events, including fingers
and stylus. A downside is that after the
initial touch the system cannot detect amotionless finger.
[edit]
Acoustic pulse recognition
This system, introduced by Tyco
International's Elo division in 2006,
uses piezoelectric transducers located at
various positions around the screen to
turn the mechanical energy of a touch(vibration) into an electronic signal.[16]
The screen hardware then uses an
algorithm to determine the location of
the touch based on the transducer
signals. The touchscreen itself is made
of ordinary glass, giving it gooddurability and optical clarity. It is
usually able to function with scratches
and dust on the screen with good
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accuracy. The technology is also well
suited to displays that are physically
larger. As with the Dispersive SignalTechnology system, after the initial
touch, a motionless finger cannot be
detected. However, for the same reason,
the touch recognition is not disrupted
by any resting objects.
[edit]
Construction
There are several principal ways to builda touchscreen. The key goals are to
recognize one or more fingers touching
a display, to interpret the command
that this represents, and to
communicate the command to the
appropriate application.
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In the most popular techniques, the
capacitive or resistive approach, there
are typically four layers;Top polyester coated with a transparent
metallic conductive coating on the
bottom
Adhesive spacer
Glass layer coated with a transparent
metallic conductive coating on the top
Adhesive layer on the backside of the
glass for mounting.
When a user touches the surface, the
system records the change in the
electrical current that flows through the
display.
Dispersive-signal technology which 3M
created in 2002, measures the
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piezoelectric effect — the voltage
generated when mechanical force is
applied to a material — that occurschemically when a strengthened glass
substrate is touched.
There are two infrared-based approaches.
In one, an array of sensors detects afinger touching or almost touching the
display, thereby interrupting light
beams projected over the screen. In the
other, bottom-mounted infrared
cameras record screen touches.
In each case, the system determines the
intended command based on the
controls showing on the screen at the
time and the location of the touch.
[edit]
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Development
Most touchscreen technology patents
were filed during the 1970s and 1980s
and have expired. Touchscreen
component manufacturing and product
design are no longer encumbered by
royalties or legalities with regard topatents and the use of touchscreen-
enabled displays is widespread.
The development of multipointtouchscreens facilitated the tracking of
more than one finger on the screen;
thus, operations that require more than
one finger are possible. These devices
also allow multiple users to interact
with the touchscreen simultaneously.
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With the growing use of touchscreens, the
marginal cost of touchscreen technology
is routinely absorbed into the productsthat incorporate it and is nearly
eliminated. Touchscreens now have
proven reliability. Thus, touchscreen
displays are found today in airplanes,
automobiles, gaming consoles, machine
control systems, appliances, andhandheld display devices including the
Nintendo DS and the later multi-touch
enabled iPhones; the touchscreen
market for mobile devices is projected
to produce US$5 billion in 2009.[17]
The ability to accurately point on the
screen itself is also advancing with the
emerging graphics tablet/screen
hybrids.
[edit]
Ergonomics and usage
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[edit]
Finger stress
An ergonomic problem of certain types of
(resistive) touchscreens is their stress on
human fingers when used for more than
a few minutes at a time, as significantpressure can be required, depending
upon the technologies involved. This
can be alleviated for some users with
the use of a pen or other device to add
leverage and more accurate pointing.
The introduction of such items cansometimes be problematic, depending
on the desired use (e.g., public kiosks
such as ATMs). Also, more accurate
control is achieved with a stylus,
because a finger is a rather broad and
ambiguous point of contact with the
screen itself, but requires the user to
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possess fine motor skills to hold such a
stylus.
[edit]
Fingernail as stylus
Pointed nail for easier typing. The
concept of using a fingernail trimmedto form a point, to be specifically used
as a stylus on a writing tablet for
communication, appeared in the 1950
science fiction short story Scanners
Live in Vain.
These ergonomic issues of direct touch
can be bypassed by using a different
technique, provided that the user's
fingernails are either short orsufficiently long.[citation needed]
Rather than pressing with the soft skin
of an outstretched fingertip, the finger
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is curled over, so that the tip of a
fingernail can be used instead. This
method does not work on capacitivetouchscreens.
The fingernail's hard, curved surface
contacts the touchscreen at one very
small point. Therefore, much less fingerpressure is needed, much greater
precision is possible (approaching that
of a stylus, with a little experience),
much less skin oil is smeared onto the
screen, and the fingernail can besilently moved across the screen with
very little resistance,[citation needed]
allowing for selecting text, moving
windows, or drawing lines.
The human fingernail consists of keratin
which has a hardness and smoothness
similar to the tip of a stylus (and so will
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not typically scratch a touchscreen).
Alternatively, very short stylus tips are
available, which slip right onto the endof a finger; this increases visibility of
the contact point with the screen.
[edit]
Fingerprints
Touchscreens can suffer from the problem
of fingerprints on the display. This can
be mitigated by the use of materials
with optical coatings designed to reducethe visible effects of fingerprint oils, or
oleophobic coatings as used in the
iPhone 3G S, which lessen the actual
amount of oil residue, or by reducing
skin contact by using a fingernail or
stylus.
[edit]
Combined with haptics
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The user experience with touchscreens
without tactile feedback or haptics canbe difficult due to latency or other
factors. Research from the University of
Glasgow Scotland [Brewster, Chohan,
and Brown 2007] demonstrates that
sample users reduce input errors(20%), increase input speed (20%), and
lower their cognitive load (40%) when
touchscreens are combined with haptics
or tactile feedback [vs. non-haptic
touchscreens].
[edit]
Gorilla arm
The Jargon File dictionary of hacker
slang defined "gorilla arm" as the
failure to understand the ergonomics of
vertically mounted touchscreens for
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prolonged use. The proposition is that
the human arm held in an unsupported
horizontal position rapidly becomesfatigued and painful, the so-called
"gorilla arm".[18] It is often cited as a
prima facie example of what not to do
in ergonomics. Vertical touchscreens
still dominate in applications such as
ATMs and data kiosks in which theusage is too brief to be an ergonomic
problem.[citation needed]
Discomfort might be caused by previouspoor posture and atrophied muscular
systems caused by limited physical
exercise.[19] Fine art painters are also
often subject to neck and shoulder
pains due to their posture and the
repetitiveness of their movements whilepainting.[citation needed][20]
TOUCH SCREEN MONITORS
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Posted on January 28, 2009 by jerome
SEMINAR ON TOUCH SCREEN MONITORS
Introduction
A touch screen is an easy to use input device that allows users to control PC software andDVD video by touching the display screen. A touch screen can be used with most PC
systems as easily as other input devices such as track balls or touch pads.
Why Touch Technology?
Touch screens enable people to use ν computers instantly, without any training
whatsoever.
Touch screens virtually eliminate ν operator errors because users select from clearly
defined menus.Touch screens eliminate keyboards and mice, which many find intimidating and
cumbersome to use. ν
Touch screens are rugged enough to stand up to harsh environments where keyboardsand mice often get damaged. ν
Touch screens provide fast access to any and all types of digital media, with no text-
bound interface getting in the way. ν
ν Touch screens ensure that no space – on the desktop or elsewhere – is wasted, as the
input device is completely integrated in to the monitors.
How Does a Touch Screen Works?
Touch Screen Sensor: It is a♣ clear glass panel with a touch responsive surface. Thetouch sensor/panel is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel
covers the viewable area of the video screen.
♣ Controller: I t is a small PC card that connects between the touch sensor and the PC. Ittakes information from the touch sensor and translates it into information that PC can
understand.
♣ Software Driver: The driver is a software update for the PC system that allows thetouch screen and computer to work together. It tells the computer’s operating system how
to interpret the touch event information that is sent from the controller.
Types of Touch Screen Technology
Resistive ν
Capacitive ν
Surface acoustic wave ν
Infrared ν
Resistive
Two types:
4 wire resistive type ν
5 wire resistive type ν
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Advantages
High touch resolution ν
Pressure sensitive, works with any stylus ν
Not affected by dirt, dust, water, or light ν
Affordable touch screen technology ν
Disadvantages75 % clarity ν
Resistive layers can be damaged by a sharp object ν
ν Less durable then 5-Wire Resistive technology
Captive
Two types
Capacitive technology♣
Pentouch Capacitive♣
Advantages
High touch resolution♣
High image clarity♣
Not affected by dirt ,grease, moisture♣
Disadvantages
Must be touched by finger, will not work with any non conductive input.♣
Surface Wave
Advantages
High touch resolution♣
Highest image clarity♣
All glass panel, no coatings♣Disadvantages
Must be touched by finger, gloved hand, or soft-tip stylus.♣ Something hard like a penwon’t work.
Not completely scalable, can be affected by large amounts of dirt, dust and water in the
environment.♣
Infrared Touch ScreenThis is the only type of touch technology that is available for large displays such as
Plasma screens. It is a durable technology that offers high image clarity. Responds to any
input device or stylus.
AdvantagesBest image quality as there is no overlay ν
Impervious to scratching νDisadvantages
Low resolution♣
♣ May cause unintended activation of target proir to finger contact with CRT caused by
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IR light beam location above surface of CRT.
Dust, oil or grease buildup on frame that impedes light beam may cause malfunction♣
Applications
Public Information Displays ν
Tourism displays, trade show displays, and other electronic displays are used by many people that have little or no computing experience.
♣ Customer self-service
Customers can quickly place their own orders or check themselves in or out, saving them
time, and decreasing wait times for other customers. Example: ATM
Computer Based Training νSince the touch screen interface is more user-friendly than other input devices, overall
training time for computer novices and therefore training expense can be reduced. Also
make learning more interactive and fun.Other applications include computerized gaming, student registration systems, financial
and scientific applications.♣
Benefits
Fast, faster, fastest ν
Touch makes everyone an expert ν
Reduced cost ν
Compact ν & handy
Durable and easy to clean ν
When ease of use is required ν
ConclusionA touch screen is the simplest, most direct way for a person to interact with a computer.
The basic way users interact with a touch screen is age-old. You point to what you want.
It’s intuitive for virtually every child and adult in the world today.