Post on 25-Dec-2015
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TOWARD AN URBAN TOWARD AN URBAN SOCIETY, 1877-1900SOCIETY, 1877-1900
America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present
Chapter 19Chapter 19
The Lure of the CityThe Lure of the City
City becomes a symbol of the new City becomes a symbol of the new America between 1870-1900America between 1870-1900
Explosive urban growthExplosive urban growth– sources included immigration, movement from sources included immigration, movement from
countrysidecountryside– six cities over 500,000 by 1900six cities over 500,000 by 1900
Skyscrapers and SuburbsSkyscrapers and Suburbs
Steel permits construction of skyscrapersSteel permits construction of skyscrapers Streetcars allow growth of suburbsStreetcars allow growth of suburbs Two defining characteristics of American Two defining characteristics of American
city city
Tenements and the Problems Tenements and the Problems of Overcrowdingof Overcrowding
Tenements house urban dwellersTenements house urban dwellers Tenement problemsTenement problems
– inadequate sanitationinadequate sanitation– poor ventilationpoor ventilation– polluted water polluted water
Urban problemsUrban problems– poor public healthpoor public health– juvenile crime juvenile crime
Strangers in a New LandStrangers in a New Land
By 1900 most urban dwellers foreign-born By 1900 most urban dwellers foreign-born or children of immigrantsor children of immigrants
1880s--eastern, southern European 1880s--eastern, southern European immigrants prompt resurgent Nativismimmigrants prompt resurgent Nativism
Nativist organizations try to limit Nativist organizations try to limit immigrationimmigration
Immigration to the United Immigration to the United States, 1870-1900States, 1870-1900
Foreign-born Population, Foreign-born Population, 18901890
Immigrants and the City:Immigrants and the City:Families and Ethnic IdentityFamilies and Ethnic Identity
Immigrants marry within own ethnic Immigrants marry within own ethnic groupsgroups
More children born to immigrants than to More children born to immigrants than to native-born Americansnative-born Americans
Immigrants and the City:Immigrants and the City:InstitutionsInstitutions
Immigrant associations Immigrant associations – preserve old country language and customs preserve old country language and customs – aid the process of adjustmentaid the process of adjustment
Immigrant establish religious, educational Immigrant establish religious, educational institutions, media which preserve institutions, media which preserve traditionstraditions
The House That Tweed BuiltThe House That Tweed Built
Urban party machines headed by “bosses”Urban party machines headed by “bosses”– some bosses notoriously corrupt, e.g. William some bosses notoriously corrupt, e.g. William
Tweed of New York CityTweed of New York City– most trade services for votes most trade services for votes
Most bosses improve conditions in citiesMost bosses improve conditions in cities
Social and Cultural Change Social and Cultural Change 1877-19001877-1900
End of Reconstruction marks shift of End of Reconstruction marks shift of attention to new concernsattention to new concerns
Population growthPopulation growth– 1877--47 million1877--47 million– 1900--76 million1900--76 million– 1900 population more diverse1900 population more diverse
Urbanization, industrialization changing all Urbanization, industrialization changing all aspects of American lifeaspects of American life
Urban and Rural Population, Urban and Rural Population, 1870-1900 (in millions)1870-1900 (in millions)
Manners and MoresManners and Mores
Victorian morality dictates dress, mannersVictorian morality dictates dress, manners Protestant religious values strong Protestant religious values strong Reform underpinned by Protestantism Reform underpinned by Protestantism
Leisure and EntertainmentLeisure and Entertainment
Domestic leisure--card, parlor, yard gamesDomestic leisure--card, parlor, yard games Sentimental ballads, ragtime popularSentimental ballads, ragtime popular Entertainment outside homeEntertainment outside home
– circus immensely popularcircus immensely popular– baseball, football, basketball baseball, football, basketball
Street lights, streetcars make evening a Street lights, streetcars make evening a time for entertainment and pleasuretime for entertainment and pleasure
Changes in Family LifeChanges in Family Life
Urbanization, industrialization alter family Urbanization, industrialization alter family Family life virtually disappears among Family life virtually disappears among
poorly-paid working classpoorly-paid working class Suburban commute takes fathers from Suburban commute takes fathers from
middle-class homesmiddle-class homes Tensions for womenTensions for women
– domesticity encourageddomesticity encouraged– identity as mere housewife almost shamefulidentity as mere housewife almost shameful
Changing Views: A Growing Changing Views: A Growing Assertiveness among Assertiveness among
WomenWomen "New women"--self-supporting careers"New women"--self-supporting careers Demand an end to gender discriminationDemand an end to gender discrimination Speak openly about once-forbidden topicsSpeak openly about once-forbidden topics
Educating the MassesEducating the Masses
Few students reach the sixth gradeFew students reach the sixth grade Teaching unimaginative, learning passiveTeaching unimaginative, learning passive Segregation, poverty compound problems Segregation, poverty compound problems
of Southern educationof Southern education 18961896—Plessy v. Ferguson —Plessy v. Ferguson allows allows
"separate but equal" schools "separate but equal" schools
Higher EducationHigher Education
Colleges and universities flourishColleges and universities flourish Greater emphasis on professions, Greater emphasis on professions,
researchresearch More women achieve college educationMore women achieve college education
Higher Education: African Higher Education: African Americans Americans
African Americans usually confined to all-African Americans usually confined to all-black institutions like Tuskegee Institute in black institutions like Tuskegee Institute in AlabamaAlabama
Booker T. Washington--accommodate Booker T. Washington--accommodate racism, concentrate on practical educationracism, concentrate on practical education
W.E.B. DuBois--demand quality, W.E.B. DuBois--demand quality, integrated educationintegrated education
The Stirrings of ReformThe Stirrings of Reform
Social Darwinists see attempts at social Social Darwinists see attempts at social reform as useless and harmfulreform as useless and harmful
Reformers begin to seek changes in U.S. Reformers begin to seek changes in U.S. living, working conditionsliving, working conditions
Progress and PovertyProgress and Poverty
Henry George: the rich getting richer, the Henry George: the rich getting richer, the poor, poorerpoor, poorer
George’s solution: tax land, wealth’s George’s solution: tax land, wealth’s source source
New Currents in Social New Currents in Social ThoughtThought
Clarence Darrow rejects Social Clarence Darrow rejects Social Darwinism, argues poverty at crime’s rootDarwinism, argues poverty at crime’s root
Richard T. Ely’s “New Economics” urges Richard T. Ely’s “New Economics” urges government intervention in economic government intervention in economic affairsaffairs
Liberal Protestants preach "Social Liberal Protestants preach "Social Gospel" Gospel" – purpose: reform industrial society purpose: reform industrial society – means: introduce Christian standards into means: introduce Christian standards into
economic sphereeconomic sphere
The Settlement HousesThe Settlement Houses Famous HousesFamous Houses
– 1886--Stanton Coit’s Neighborhood Guild, 1886--Stanton Coit’s Neighborhood Guild, New York New York
– 1889--Jane Addams' Hull House, Chicago1889--Jane Addams' Hull House, Chicago– 1892--Robert A. Woods’ South End House, 1892--Robert A. Woods’ South End House,
BostonBoston– 1893--Lillian Wald’s Henry Street Settlement, 1893--Lillian Wald’s Henry Street Settlement,
New YorkNew York CharacteristicsCharacteristics
– many workers womenmany workers women– classical, practical education for poorclassical, practical education for poor– study social composition of neighborhoodstudy social composition of neighborhood
A Crisis in Social WelfareA Crisis in Social Welfare
Depression of 1893 reveals insufficiency Depression of 1893 reveals insufficiency of private charity of private charity
New professionalism in social workNew professionalism in social work New efforts to understand poverty’s New efforts to understand poverty’s
sourcessources Increasing calls for government Increasing calls for government
interventionintervention Social tensions engender sense of crisisSocial tensions engender sense of crisis