Post on 23-Feb-2016
description
transcript
History of Drugs and the Legislation made to control them
Toxicology: A History
Before we can learn History…
• We need to learn drug classifications and categories
Drug categories:• Depressants• Stimulants• Hallucinogens• Date-rape drugs• Steroids
Depressants
• Depressants slow down your central nervous system to make you sleepy and lethargic
Types of Depressants:
• Alcohol- the most commonly abused drug
• Alcohol is physically addictive with dangerous withdrawal symptoms
Alcohol Blood Levels• As the blood level rises, the toxic effects
become more pronounced• 0.03% = giddy emotions• 0.08% = legal limit- coordination, reaction time,
and judgment decline• 0.12% = nausea and vomiting• 0.25% = likely to enter coma• 0.30% = Deep Coma• 0.40% = Death
Types of Depressants
• Opiates: chemicals derived from the sap of poppies
Opiates• Opiates:• Are Narcotic Sedatives (sleep producing)• Are Analgesics (pain relieving)• Produce:• Euphoria• Lethargy• Coma and Death (in large doses)
Examples of opiates:• Morphine• Codeine• Heroine• Hydrocodone (vicodine)• Oxycodone (oxycotton)• Methadone
Barbiturates• Derived from barbituric
acid and used as sleeping pills and anti-seizure medicine• Most common form:
phenobarbital
Stimulants• Stimulants increase alertness,
lessen fatigue, and suppress appetite.• With continued use, they cause:
irritability, anxiousness, aggressive behavior, paranoia, fatigue, and depression
Stimulant side effects:
• Tachyphylaxis- the body gets used to the drug and lessens the effect. In order to get high, the user must take more and more
Type of Stimulants
• Amphetamines- increases the levels of hormones in the body• Meth (methamphetamines)
Examples of Stimulants:• Xanthine (Xanax)• Caffeine• Nicotine• Meth• Ephedrine/Pseudoephedrine• Adderall• MDA and MDMA• Cocaine
Hallucinogens
• Alter perceptions and mood, lead to delusional thinking, and cause hallucinations
Hallucination v. delusion
• Hallucination: sensory experience that isn’t real and may affect any or all of the senses
• Delusion: false beliefs that have little or no basis in reality
Types of Hallucinogens:
• Marijuana
• Cacti and Mushrooms
• Chemicals
Marijuana
• Most commonly used and mildest hallucinogen• Derived from the Cannabis sativa plant• Active Ingredient: Tetrahydrocannibinol
(THC)
Cacti and Mushrooms
• Peyote- small Mexican cactus used in Native American rituals
• Mushrooms- possession isn’t illegal, but use is
Chemicals
• Made in a laboratory
• Common chemicals:• Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
• Phencyclidine (PCP)
Date-Rape Drugs
• Cause:• Sedation
• Compliance
• Poor Judgment
• Memory Loss
Common Date-Rape Drugs
• Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)
• Ecstasy
• GHB
• Ketamine
Steroids
• Appear natural in small amounts
• Cause muscle growth, increased strength, and improved reflexes when taken in large amounts
Negative effects of Steroids
• Hair Loss
• Impotence
• Liver Damage
• Aggressive Behavior
Controlled Substances Act
• 1970 act- made manufacture, importation, possession, use and distribution of certain substances regulated
Schedule I controlled substance
• High potential for abuse
• No accepted medical use
• Lack of safety for use of the drug
Examples of Schedule I• GHB• Heroin• LSD• Marijuana• Mescaline
Schedule II controlled substance
• High potential for abuse
• Has a currently accepted medical use
• Abuse of drug may lead to dependence
Examples of Schedule II• Cocaine• Opium• Oxycodone• Morphine• Adderall• Vicodin
Schedule III controlled substance
• Has potential for abuse less than other drugs in I and II• Currently accepted as medical
treatment• Abuse may lead to moderate or low
dependence
Examples of Schedule III
• Anabolic Steroids
• Ketamine
• Codeine when mixed with pain killer
Schedule IV controlled substance
• Low potential for abuse
• Currently accepted as medical treatment
• Lead to limited dependence
Examples of Schedule IV
• Phenobarbital
• Nuvigil (stimulant)
Schedule V controlled substance
• Low potential for abuse (lower than any other schedule)
• Currently accepted as medical treatment
• Very limited dependence
Examples of Schedule V
• Cough suppressants with codeine