JIET SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHOLOGY FOR GIRLS, JODHPUR

Submitted by: Submitted to:Pratibha maurya Prof. Anshu mathur

DEFINITIONS OF DISASTER A disaster can be defined as any occurrence

that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale ,sufficient to

DISASTERS CLASSIFICATIONS  

MANMADE NATURAL

NATURAL DISASTER

Avalanches Earthquakes Volcanic eruptions Hydrological disasters Cyclonic storms Space disasters Health disasters Wildfires

MAN- MADE DISASTERS

fires transport accidents industrial accidents oil spills nuclear explosions/radiationtraffic accident

DEFININTION OF ACCIDENT The who definition:- Unpremeditated event resulting in

recognizable damage- An unexpected, unplanned occurrence which

may involve injury.

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT IMAGES

OTHER LAWS YOU NEED TO KNOW!

Headlights must be lighted from sunset to sunrise or when visibility is poor.

You must dim your brights 500’ before meeting and 200’ before overtaking another vehicle.

It is illegal to engage in any vehicle race, exhibit of speed, or speed contest on any public road, street, or highway.

Windows and windshields must be kept clean and free of stickers, signs, posters, except those required by law.

When a load extends 4’ or more out the back, a red flag must be attached to the load.

It is illegal to drive recklessly or inattentively. It is illegal to send or read text messages while

driving!

SPEED LIMITS The Basic Rule: No matter what the posted

speed, you must judge the situation and conditions and adjust your speed accordingly.

The maximum speed on a freeway is 75mph, 65mph on a highway, and 35mph on city streets (unless posted otherwise).

It is illegal to drive so slowly that you disrupt the normal flow of traffic.

Observe posted speeds in school and construction zones to protect students and workers (penalties are higher in these areas).

FACT ABOUT SIGNALING & TURNING

You must signal when turning at an intersection or into a driveway!

You must signal when changing lanes. You must signal when entering or leaving the

freeway. You must signal when pulling toward or away from

the curb. You must signal 100 feet (about 5 seconds) before

turning. In Idaho, you may turn right on a red light, after

stopping. In Idaho, you may turn left on a red light, after

stopping, and if turning onto a one-way street.

TEXTING AND DRIVING As of July 1, 2012, it is illegal to text while

driving in Idaho. “Texting” means, “engaging in the review of,

or manual preparation and transmission of, written communication via handheld wireless devices.”

PERFORMANCE OF ORIGINAL ARPANET ALGORITHM

Light load Delay dominated by the constant part

(transmission delay and propagation delay) Medium load

Queuing delay is no longer negligible Moderate traffic shifts to avoid congestion

Heavy load Very high metrics on congested links Busy links look bad to all of the routers All routers avoid the busy links Routers may send packets on longer paths

MOTOROLA ESENSOR™ DNA Detection System.

Binding properties of DNA and RNA. Electronic circuit element. Detectable electronic signal. Disposable biochip cartridges, detection

reagents, electronic biochip reader, software and protocols.

Convenient, economically feasible.

AIMINVESTIGATE THE CAUSES OF THE MAJOR REDUCTION IN THE NUMBER OF ROAD ACCIDENT FATALITIES IN 2007-10

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Casu

altie

s in

dexe

d to

200

0 fig

ure

Killed Seriously injured

RISK FACTORS The risk depends on four elements : A)   Exposure excess (need to travel)

B)   Risk of crash, given a particular exposure,

C)   Risk of injury, given a crash,

D)   Risk of death or severe consequences, given an injury.

PREVENTION

Traffic accidents are preventable. The three targets of the road safety

actions : - the road users - the vehicles - the roads infrastructure as well as the

traffic management.

PREVENTION A scientific approach to the issue is necessary : Many conditions are required to guarantee the

efficiency of the prevention strategies which are adopted. 

To collect, analyse and carefully interpret reliable data  : The National Traffic Observatory in Tunisia was established to fulfill theses missions.

To define objectives. To promote research, which subjects are concerned

with road safety. To encourage the cooperation between different

organizations intervening in traffic accidents prevention (NETWORKING).

THE KEY ORGANIZATIONS INTERVENING IN

THE PREVENTION STRATEGIES :

Organizations intervening in road safety actions

PREVENTION MEASURES Prevention strategies are made of interventions

which are aiming to : diminish the exposure risk. avoid road crashes, given a particular

exposure. reduce the severity of injuries caused by

crashes improve the medical care for victims.

MEASURES AVOIDING ROAD CRASHES, GIVEN AN EXPOSURE

Speed limitation Measures against « alcohol and driving » Measures avoiding the drivers fatigue : Measures ensuring pedestrian and cyclists safety Prevention of traffic accidents implying young

drivers The prohibition of the use of hand- held mobile

telephones while driving More road visibility

MEASURES REDUCING THE SEVERITY OF INJURIES CAUSED BY CRASHES :

a – The use of seat-belts  When use, the seat- belt reduce the risk of fatal or

severe accident, between 40% and 65 % (1). Making the wearing of safety belts compulsory

improves their use rates.b- Use of helmets 

c- Availability of air bags

ACTIONS IMPROVING POST-CRASH INJURY OUTCOME

- pre-hospital mesures : * Bystanders : call for help, carry out simple acts to

rescue victims, protect victims from an other accident

* Larger access to emergency services * Better pre- hospital medical care - actions in the hospital :

CONCLUSIONS

Traffic

Vehiclesafety

Financial stability

Vehiclesafety

CONCLUSIONS General reduction in traffic

Reduction in young male drivers

Drink driving accidents reduce

Small reduction in speeding

Progressively colder winters

TTTTT

Thank