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Xavier Prats
xavier.prats@upc.edu
Technical University of Catalonia
6th March 2009
Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation
ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC)
Tokyo, Japan
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 2 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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● Increasing air traffic demand
● Increasing population around airports
Introduction
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 3 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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● Aircraft noise reduction
• Source (aircraft)
• Propagation (trajectory)
• Receiver (population)
Introduction
Noise Abatement Procedures (NAPs)
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 4 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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● Lateral Trajectory Management
• Noise Preferential Routings (NPRs)
● Vertical Trajectory Management
• Arrival/approach strategies
• Depart strategies
Noise Abatement Procedures
RNAV
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 5 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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RNAV concept
RNAV = Area Navigation● A method of navigation which permits aircraft
operation on any desired flight path within the
coverage of station-referenced navigation
aids, or a combination of these.
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 6 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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RNAV system
DME/DME
VOR/DME
GNSS INS/IRS
(Loran C)(with augmentation
system) FMS + DB
RNAV navigation
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 7 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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Fly-by
Fly-over No lead
radials
RNAV procedures
● Fly-Over waypoints
● Fly-by waypoints
With RNAV the aircraft flies according to the data
base not the charts!!!
WAYPOINTS + PATH and TERINATORS
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 8 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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RNAV Path and Terminators
● Transform procedures into coded flight path● How to navigate from a starting point/location to a
terminating point/condition
TF
Example:
TF: Track between Fixes
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 9 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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RNAV Path and Terminators
DF
● Transform procedures into coded flight path● How to navigate from a starting point/location to a
terminating point/condition
Example:
DF: Direct to a Fix
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 10 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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RNAV Path and Terminators
● Transform procedures into coded flight path● How to navigate from a starting point/location to a
terminating point/condition
Example:
CF: Course to a Fix
77o
CF
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 11 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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RNAV Path and Terminators
● Transform procedures into coded flight path● How to navigate from a starting point/location to a
terminating point/condition
Example:
RF: Radius to a Fix
RF
R
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 12 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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RNAV Path and Terminators
DF
Track Dispersion
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 13 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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RNAV Path and Terminators
RF
Track Dispersion
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 14 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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RNAV and NAPs
● RNAV is a major enabler for new and efficient noise
abatement procedures. ● There is still some track dispersion in Fly-by or Fly-
Over turns. Aircraft determine turn path on a “ad-
hoc” basis (highly FMS dependant)● Much higher accuracy throughout the turn when
using Radius to Fix (RF) path terminator
RF leg: - recommended function P-RNAV equipment- requirement for future RNP 1 equipment
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 15 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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RNAV and NAPs
Conventional
Navigation
RNAV
Navigation
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 16 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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RNAV and NAPs
All aircraft RNAV + RF equipped
aircraft
Courtesy of Theo van de Ven (KLM)
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 17 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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RNAV and NAPs
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 18 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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● Lateral Trajectory Management
• Noise Preferential Routings (NPRs)
● Vertical Trajectory Management
• Arrival/approach strategies
• Depart strategies
Noise Abatement Procedures
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 19 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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● Low Drag-Low Power (LDLP) approach
● Higher ILS interception altitude
● Higher ILS glide-slope angle
● Dual landing thresholds
● Continuous Descend Approach (CDA)
● Three Degree Descelerating Approach (TDDA)
Arrival/Approach strategies
Compromise vs. airport and TMA CAPACITY
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 20 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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● Thrust cut-out
● Reduced thrust take-offs
● Different climbing (airspeed) profiles
Depart strategies
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 21 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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Optimisation of NAPs?
● Generic Procedures for
specific problems
● Local sub-optimal solutions
● Noise annoyance partially
assessed
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 22 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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NAPs optimisation framework
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 23 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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Fuzzy logic annoyance model
Residential Zone
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 24 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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Fuzzy logic annoyance model
Residential Zone
School
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 25 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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Fuzzy logic annoyance model
Hospital
Industrial zone
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 26 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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Trajectory optimisation
● Several noise annoyance values:
• Hospital AH
• Industrial Zone AI
• Residential Zone AR
• School A
Minimize AH, AI, AR, AS ??
Multiobjective optimization
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 27 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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Multiobjective optimization
“Average” trajectory “Fair” trajectory
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 28 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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Multiobjective optimization
Wheighted trajectory “Fair” trajectoryEgalitarian principle:
the system is no better-
off than its worse-off individual
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 29 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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Application example
Girona (LEGE) international airport
Airbus A340-600 departure
Hospitals (Annoyance < 0.25)
Residential Industrial zones
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 30 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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Application example
Girona (LEGE) international airport
Airbus A340-600 departure
04 am 10 am
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 31 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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Conclusions
• RNAV and RNP are major enablers for
efficient Noise Abatement Procedures
• Trajectory multi-objective optimisation
problem to be solved
• Noise annoyance can be taken into account
by using a fuzzy logic model
• Egalitarian principle for noise abatement
multi criteria optimisation
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Trajectory Management for Aircraft Noise Mitigation - 32 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/CNS (EIWAC) 6th March 2009
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Thank you!