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transcript
CHAPTER SEVEN
TRANSLATION DETERMINACY
AND INDETERMINACY
CHRISTINE JOANNE LIBRERO-DESACADO
PHD STUDENT IN ENGLISH
2-28-2015
CHAPTER SEVENDEFINITION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY
bullDETERMINACY 1 the quality or state of being determinate 2 a the state of being definitely and unequivocally characterized exactness
bull INDETERMINACY uncertain in extent amount or nature not definite inconclusive rArr an indeterminate reply
CHAPTER SEVENTRANSLATION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY
bull Translations are generally construed as products of the underlying determinacy or
indeterminacy both of which squarely rest on text-types skopos or purpose (for
laboration see skopos theory in chapter three and the techniques or strategies Yet they
are not absolute they display a spectrum of high low and zero In maximum
indeterminacy source texts lend themselves to more than one acceptable version in the
TL whereas zero indeterminacy is tantamount determinacy wherein only one version is
not acceptable but feasible as explicitly evinced in the translation of poetry for
indeterminacy and legal texts for determinacy
CHAPTER SEVENTRANSLATION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY
bull Translations are generally construed as products of the underlying determinacy or
indeterminacy both of which squarely rest on text-types skopos or purpose (for
laboration see skopos theory in chapter three and the techniques or strategies Yet they
are not absolute they display a spectrum of high low and zero In maximum
indeterminacy source texts lend themselves to more than one acceptable version in the
TL whereas zero indeterminacy is tantamount determinacy wherein only one version is
not acceptable but feasible as explicitly evinced in the translation of poetry for
indeterminacy and legal texts for determinacy
Text-type determinacy
bullDeterminacy of translation simply signifies that there should only be one
single product in the TL One case in point is the Word-for-word translation
or drydens metaphase where SL Individual words are replaced by TL words
with sometimes Strict adherence to the SL word-order But due to the
linguistic And cultural discrepancies between SL and TL such literal
Translations especially of expressive or emotive texts are awkward
unnatural unintelligible and even unreadable because literalism distorts the
sense and the syntax of the original impedes the translators work and stifles
his creativity
Text-type determinacy
bullThis is why machine translation (MT) which basically
performs mere Replacement or simple substitution of words
in one language for Words in another has succeeded in
dealing with standardized Texts employing plain formulaic
language such as weather Reports government documents
and some legal texts
Text-type determinacy
bullLegal texts are determinately translated to ensure precise
Correspondence of the rights and duties in the source text
and in The translation wherein only one accurate version is
accepted in Both the source and target texts The language
is a very distinct Variety characterized by precision
plainness and clarity
Text-type determinacy
bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or
even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong
formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not
a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements
Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney
and testaments among others Here are few Examples
bullLease contractagreement
bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement
SKOPOS DETERMINACY
bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by
vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century
for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use
tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos
theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text
based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is
Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even
proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation
cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)
bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the
target text sometimes determines translation methods
and strategies or in other words the process
determines the product
PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION
bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in
translating legal texts but also by the method approach
strategy or technique which lays constraints on the
translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for
instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a
static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or
ignorant of the dynamic type
TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY
bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one
particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods
or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore
there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of
the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the
same translator at different times
bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has
prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the
thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion
that There are always different ways one might break a sentence
into Words and different ways to distribute functions among
words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to
words or sentences
bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a
possibility that the same expression or an expression and its
translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of
presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy
which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all
types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of
translation
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
CHAPTER SEVENDEFINITION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY
bullDETERMINACY 1 the quality or state of being determinate 2 a the state of being definitely and unequivocally characterized exactness
bull INDETERMINACY uncertain in extent amount or nature not definite inconclusive rArr an indeterminate reply
CHAPTER SEVENTRANSLATION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY
bull Translations are generally construed as products of the underlying determinacy or
indeterminacy both of which squarely rest on text-types skopos or purpose (for
laboration see skopos theory in chapter three and the techniques or strategies Yet they
are not absolute they display a spectrum of high low and zero In maximum
indeterminacy source texts lend themselves to more than one acceptable version in the
TL whereas zero indeterminacy is tantamount determinacy wherein only one version is
not acceptable but feasible as explicitly evinced in the translation of poetry for
indeterminacy and legal texts for determinacy
CHAPTER SEVENTRANSLATION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY
bull Translations are generally construed as products of the underlying determinacy or
indeterminacy both of which squarely rest on text-types skopos or purpose (for
laboration see skopos theory in chapter three and the techniques or strategies Yet they
are not absolute they display a spectrum of high low and zero In maximum
indeterminacy source texts lend themselves to more than one acceptable version in the
TL whereas zero indeterminacy is tantamount determinacy wherein only one version is
not acceptable but feasible as explicitly evinced in the translation of poetry for
indeterminacy and legal texts for determinacy
Text-type determinacy
bullDeterminacy of translation simply signifies that there should only be one
single product in the TL One case in point is the Word-for-word translation
or drydens metaphase where SL Individual words are replaced by TL words
with sometimes Strict adherence to the SL word-order But due to the
linguistic And cultural discrepancies between SL and TL such literal
Translations especially of expressive or emotive texts are awkward
unnatural unintelligible and even unreadable because literalism distorts the
sense and the syntax of the original impedes the translators work and stifles
his creativity
Text-type determinacy
bullThis is why machine translation (MT) which basically
performs mere Replacement or simple substitution of words
in one language for Words in another has succeeded in
dealing with standardized Texts employing plain formulaic
language such as weather Reports government documents
and some legal texts
Text-type determinacy
bullLegal texts are determinately translated to ensure precise
Correspondence of the rights and duties in the source text
and in The translation wherein only one accurate version is
accepted in Both the source and target texts The language
is a very distinct Variety characterized by precision
plainness and clarity
Text-type determinacy
bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or
even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong
formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not
a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements
Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney
and testaments among others Here are few Examples
bullLease contractagreement
bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement
SKOPOS DETERMINACY
bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by
vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century
for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use
tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos
theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text
based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is
Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even
proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation
cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)
bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the
target text sometimes determines translation methods
and strategies or in other words the process
determines the product
PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION
bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in
translating legal texts but also by the method approach
strategy or technique which lays constraints on the
translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for
instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a
static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or
ignorant of the dynamic type
TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY
bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one
particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods
or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore
there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of
the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the
same translator at different times
bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has
prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the
thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion
that There are always different ways one might break a sentence
into Words and different ways to distribute functions among
words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to
words or sentences
bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a
possibility that the same expression or an expression and its
translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of
presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy
which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all
types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of
translation
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
CHAPTER SEVENTRANSLATION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY
bull Translations are generally construed as products of the underlying determinacy or
indeterminacy both of which squarely rest on text-types skopos or purpose (for
laboration see skopos theory in chapter three and the techniques or strategies Yet they
are not absolute they display a spectrum of high low and zero In maximum
indeterminacy source texts lend themselves to more than one acceptable version in the
TL whereas zero indeterminacy is tantamount determinacy wherein only one version is
not acceptable but feasible as explicitly evinced in the translation of poetry for
indeterminacy and legal texts for determinacy
CHAPTER SEVENTRANSLATION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY
bull Translations are generally construed as products of the underlying determinacy or
indeterminacy both of which squarely rest on text-types skopos or purpose (for
laboration see skopos theory in chapter three and the techniques or strategies Yet they
are not absolute they display a spectrum of high low and zero In maximum
indeterminacy source texts lend themselves to more than one acceptable version in the
TL whereas zero indeterminacy is tantamount determinacy wherein only one version is
not acceptable but feasible as explicitly evinced in the translation of poetry for
indeterminacy and legal texts for determinacy
Text-type determinacy
bullDeterminacy of translation simply signifies that there should only be one
single product in the TL One case in point is the Word-for-word translation
or drydens metaphase where SL Individual words are replaced by TL words
with sometimes Strict adherence to the SL word-order But due to the
linguistic And cultural discrepancies between SL and TL such literal
Translations especially of expressive or emotive texts are awkward
unnatural unintelligible and even unreadable because literalism distorts the
sense and the syntax of the original impedes the translators work and stifles
his creativity
Text-type determinacy
bullThis is why machine translation (MT) which basically
performs mere Replacement or simple substitution of words
in one language for Words in another has succeeded in
dealing with standardized Texts employing plain formulaic
language such as weather Reports government documents
and some legal texts
Text-type determinacy
bullLegal texts are determinately translated to ensure precise
Correspondence of the rights and duties in the source text
and in The translation wherein only one accurate version is
accepted in Both the source and target texts The language
is a very distinct Variety characterized by precision
plainness and clarity
Text-type determinacy
bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or
even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong
formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not
a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements
Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney
and testaments among others Here are few Examples
bullLease contractagreement
bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement
SKOPOS DETERMINACY
bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by
vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century
for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use
tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos
theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text
based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is
Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even
proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation
cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)
bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the
target text sometimes determines translation methods
and strategies or in other words the process
determines the product
PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION
bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in
translating legal texts but also by the method approach
strategy or technique which lays constraints on the
translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for
instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a
static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or
ignorant of the dynamic type
TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY
bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one
particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods
or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore
there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of
the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the
same translator at different times
bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has
prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the
thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion
that There are always different ways one might break a sentence
into Words and different ways to distribute functions among
words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to
words or sentences
bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a
possibility that the same expression or an expression and its
translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of
presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy
which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all
types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of
translation
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
CHAPTER SEVENTRANSLATION DETERMINACY AND INDETERMINACY
bull Translations are generally construed as products of the underlying determinacy or
indeterminacy both of which squarely rest on text-types skopos or purpose (for
laboration see skopos theory in chapter three and the techniques or strategies Yet they
are not absolute they display a spectrum of high low and zero In maximum
indeterminacy source texts lend themselves to more than one acceptable version in the
TL whereas zero indeterminacy is tantamount determinacy wherein only one version is
not acceptable but feasible as explicitly evinced in the translation of poetry for
indeterminacy and legal texts for determinacy
Text-type determinacy
bullDeterminacy of translation simply signifies that there should only be one
single product in the TL One case in point is the Word-for-word translation
or drydens metaphase where SL Individual words are replaced by TL words
with sometimes Strict adherence to the SL word-order But due to the
linguistic And cultural discrepancies between SL and TL such literal
Translations especially of expressive or emotive texts are awkward
unnatural unintelligible and even unreadable because literalism distorts the
sense and the syntax of the original impedes the translators work and stifles
his creativity
Text-type determinacy
bullThis is why machine translation (MT) which basically
performs mere Replacement or simple substitution of words
in one language for Words in another has succeeded in
dealing with standardized Texts employing plain formulaic
language such as weather Reports government documents
and some legal texts
Text-type determinacy
bullLegal texts are determinately translated to ensure precise
Correspondence of the rights and duties in the source text
and in The translation wherein only one accurate version is
accepted in Both the source and target texts The language
is a very distinct Variety characterized by precision
plainness and clarity
Text-type determinacy
bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or
even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong
formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not
a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements
Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney
and testaments among others Here are few Examples
bullLease contractagreement
bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement
SKOPOS DETERMINACY
bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by
vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century
for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use
tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos
theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text
based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is
Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even
proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation
cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)
bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the
target text sometimes determines translation methods
and strategies or in other words the process
determines the product
PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION
bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in
translating legal texts but also by the method approach
strategy or technique which lays constraints on the
translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for
instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a
static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or
ignorant of the dynamic type
TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY
bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one
particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods
or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore
there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of
the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the
same translator at different times
bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has
prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the
thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion
that There are always different ways one might break a sentence
into Words and different ways to distribute functions among
words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to
words or sentences
bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a
possibility that the same expression or an expression and its
translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of
presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy
which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all
types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of
translation
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
Text-type determinacy
bullDeterminacy of translation simply signifies that there should only be one
single product in the TL One case in point is the Word-for-word translation
or drydens metaphase where SL Individual words are replaced by TL words
with sometimes Strict adherence to the SL word-order But due to the
linguistic And cultural discrepancies between SL and TL such literal
Translations especially of expressive or emotive texts are awkward
unnatural unintelligible and even unreadable because literalism distorts the
sense and the syntax of the original impedes the translators work and stifles
his creativity
Text-type determinacy
bullThis is why machine translation (MT) which basically
performs mere Replacement or simple substitution of words
in one language for Words in another has succeeded in
dealing with standardized Texts employing plain formulaic
language such as weather Reports government documents
and some legal texts
Text-type determinacy
bullLegal texts are determinately translated to ensure precise
Correspondence of the rights and duties in the source text
and in The translation wherein only one accurate version is
accepted in Both the source and target texts The language
is a very distinct Variety characterized by precision
plainness and clarity
Text-type determinacy
bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or
even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong
formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not
a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements
Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney
and testaments among others Here are few Examples
bullLease contractagreement
bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement
SKOPOS DETERMINACY
bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by
vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century
for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use
tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos
theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text
based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is
Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even
proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation
cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)
bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the
target text sometimes determines translation methods
and strategies or in other words the process
determines the product
PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION
bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in
translating legal texts but also by the method approach
strategy or technique which lays constraints on the
translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for
instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a
static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or
ignorant of the dynamic type
TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY
bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one
particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods
or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore
there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of
the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the
same translator at different times
bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has
prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the
thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion
that There are always different ways one might break a sentence
into Words and different ways to distribute functions among
words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to
words or sentences
bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a
possibility that the same expression or an expression and its
translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of
presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy
which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all
types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of
translation
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
Text-type determinacy
bullThis is why machine translation (MT) which basically
performs mere Replacement or simple substitution of words
in one language for Words in another has succeeded in
dealing with standardized Texts employing plain formulaic
language such as weather Reports government documents
and some legal texts
Text-type determinacy
bullLegal texts are determinately translated to ensure precise
Correspondence of the rights and duties in the source text
and in The translation wherein only one accurate version is
accepted in Both the source and target texts The language
is a very distinct Variety characterized by precision
plainness and clarity
Text-type determinacy
bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or
even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong
formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not
a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements
Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney
and testaments among others Here are few Examples
bullLease contractagreement
bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement
SKOPOS DETERMINACY
bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by
vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century
for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use
tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos
theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text
based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is
Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even
proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation
cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)
bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the
target text sometimes determines translation methods
and strategies or in other words the process
determines the product
PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION
bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in
translating legal texts but also by the method approach
strategy or technique which lays constraints on the
translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for
instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a
static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or
ignorant of the dynamic type
TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY
bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one
particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods
or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore
there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of
the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the
same translator at different times
bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has
prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the
thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion
that There are always different ways one might break a sentence
into Words and different ways to distribute functions among
words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to
words or sentences
bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a
possibility that the same expression or an expression and its
translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of
presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy
which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all
types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of
translation
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
Text-type determinacy
bullLegal texts are determinately translated to ensure precise
Correspondence of the rights and duties in the source text
and in The translation wherein only one accurate version is
accepted in Both the source and target texts The language
is a very distinct Variety characterized by precision
plainness and clarity
Text-type determinacy
bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or
even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong
formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not
a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements
Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney
and testaments among others Here are few Examples
bullLease contractagreement
bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement
SKOPOS DETERMINACY
bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by
vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century
for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use
tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos
theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text
based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is
Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even
proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation
cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)
bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the
target text sometimes determines translation methods
and strategies or in other words the process
determines the product
PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION
bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in
translating legal texts but also by the method approach
strategy or technique which lays constraints on the
translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for
instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a
static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or
ignorant of the dynamic type
TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY
bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one
particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods
or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore
there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of
the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the
same translator at different times
bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has
prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the
thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion
that There are always different ways one might break a sentence
into Words and different ways to distribute functions among
words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to
words or sentences
bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a
possibility that the same expression or an expression and its
translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of
presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy
which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all
types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of
translation
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
Text-type determinacy
bullDocuments like contracts or wills for instance are formulaic And frozen or
even fossilized so that a contract or will written or Translated in the wrong
formula and not according to the Standardized form in both languages is not
a contract or will This holds true for the other legal texts such as agreements
Certificates government documents insurance policies powers Of attorney
and testaments among others Here are few Examples
bullLease contractagreement
bullOr dwelling unit rental agreement
SKOPOS DETERMINACY
bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by
vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century
for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use
tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos
theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text
based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is
Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even
proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation
cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)
bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the
target text sometimes determines translation methods
and strategies or in other words the process
determines the product
PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION
bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in
translating legal texts but also by the method approach
strategy or technique which lays constraints on the
translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for
instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a
static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or
ignorant of the dynamic type
TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY
bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one
particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods
or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore
there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of
the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the
same translator at different times
bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has
prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the
thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion
that There are always different ways one might break a sentence
into Words and different ways to distribute functions among
words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to
words or sentences
bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a
possibility that the same expression or an expression and its
translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of
presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy
which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all
types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of
translation
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
SKOPOS DETERMINACY
bullEquivalent greek term which Is an approach to translation developed by
vermeer (1989) To meet the growing need in the latter half of the 20 th Century
for the translation of scientific and academic papers Instructions for use
tourist guides and some legal texts such As contracts According to skopos
theory translation is the Production of a functionally appropriate target text
based on an existing ST and the relationship between the two texts is
Specified according to the skopos of the translation The Theory even
proclaims that unless the skopos of the target text Is specified translation
cannot properly speaking be carried out at allrdquo (In baker 2005 237)
bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the
target text sometimes determines translation methods
and strategies or in other words the process
determines the product
PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION
bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in
translating legal texts but also by the method approach
strategy or technique which lays constraints on the
translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for
instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a
static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or
ignorant of the dynamic type
TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY
bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one
particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods
or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore
there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of
the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the
same translator at different times
bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has
prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the
thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion
that There are always different ways one might break a sentence
into Words and different ways to distribute functions among
words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to
words or sentences
bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a
possibility that the same expression or an expression and its
translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of
presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy
which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all
types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of
translation
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullBesides the skopos or the intended purpose of the
target text sometimes determines translation methods
and strategies or in other words the process
determines the product
PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION
bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in
translating legal texts but also by the method approach
strategy or technique which lays constraints on the
translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for
instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a
static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or
ignorant of the dynamic type
TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY
bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one
particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods
or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore
there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of
the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the
same translator at different times
bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has
prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the
thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion
that There are always different ways one might break a sentence
into Words and different ways to distribute functions among
words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to
words or sentences
bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a
possibility that the same expression or an expression and its
translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of
presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy
which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all
types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of
translation
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
PROCESS DETERMINACY OF THE PRODUCT STATIC VS DYNAMIC IN ENGLISH INTO ARABIC TRANSLATION
bullTranslation is not only determined by text-type as seen in
translating legal texts but also by the method approach
strategy or technique which lays constraints on the
translator who commits himself to adopting it If he for
instance opts to formal equivalence which brings about a
static translation Perhaps because of being incompetent or
ignorant of the dynamic type
TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY
bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one
particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods
or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore
there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of
the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the
same translator at different times
bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has
prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the
thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion
that There are always different ways one might break a sentence
into Words and different ways to distribute functions among
words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to
words or sentences
bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a
possibility that the same expression or an expression and its
translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of
presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy
which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all
types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of
translation
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
TRANSLATION INDETERMINACY
bullBy and large translators rarely commit themselves to one
particular method or strategy More often than not diverse methods
or strategies bring about a miscellany of translations Furthermore
there can be more than one accurate or acceptable Translation of
the same source text furnished by different Translators or even the
same translator at different times
bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has
prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the
thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion
that There are always different ways one might break a sentence
into Words and different ways to distribute functions among
words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to
words or sentences
bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a
possibility that the same expression or an expression and its
translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of
presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy
which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all
types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of
translation
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullThe Possibility of generating more than one translation has
prompted Willard quine (1960in baker2005 11) to propound the
thesis of the indeterminacy of translation It is based on the notion
that There are always different ways one might break a sentence
into Words and different ways to distribute functions among
words Hence there is no unique meaning that can be assigned to
words or sentences
bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a
possibility that the same expression or an expression and its
translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of
presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy
which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all
types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of
translation
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullQuine (ibid) unequivocally postulates that there is always a
possibility that the same expression or an expression and its
translation equivalent could give voice to different modes of
presentationi This is in fact the crux of the quinean indeterminacy
which we nevertheless maintain applies to certain but not all
types of texts as has already been explicated In the determinacy of
translation
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullTranslators are typically evaluated according to the extent
to which they approximate maximal preservation of
meaning in rendering non-literary texts whereas they are
evaluated according to the extent to which they transfer the
aesthetic values and create an equivalent sense besides the
preservation of the original meaning
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullExplicitly the inherent subjectivity aestheticity and the
relativist construal in translation practices render literary
translation especially poetrytotally indeterminate
Indeterminacy is thus the corollary of literature be it
original or translated as it is prone to various interpretations
and different manners of aesthetic expression
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullProne to various interpretations and different manners of aesthetic
expression This is easily manifested in the lethora of translations of
celebrated works such as those by shakespeare and the quran which is
unanimously deemed an imitable divine literary masterpiece Here Are
instances of the different translations of the Introductory phrase of almost all
the quranic suras except one iE The besmala 10485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579where the
translators Vary not only in using either the transliterated form Allah or the
english equivalent god but also in the two Adjectives or epithets
1048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579104857910485791048579
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullPoetry is perhaps the most potential domain for the indeterminacy of
translation Not only different translators render a poem or a stanza
differently but one translator may produce at different times divergent
versions We can verifiy the above postulation by translating and
retranslating certain stanzas after a lapse of time
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
Literary Translation Three Filipino poems John Iremil Teodoro and
Rebecca T Antildeonuevo April 25 2011-translated by Luisa A Igloria
Umaga Sa Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras by J ohn I remil Teodoro Palaging may nakatagong dalampasigan Sa aking dibdib Kung saan buong taon ay tag-araw At iniimbitahan lamang Ang tag-ulan kapag akorsquoy nalulungkot Subalit ngayong umaga Nasa totoong tagong dalampasigan ako Lumalangoy mag-isa sa tubig-dagat Na may linis ng pinakamagandang binalaybay Siguro ang tarangkahan ng langit Ay isang dalampasigan Na simputi ng mahahabang damit ng mga anghel Siguro ang koro ng mga anghel Ay sinlamig pakinggan Katulad ng dalisay na lagaslas Ng maliliit na alon Kaysarap sigurong malagutan ng hininga Habang nakahiga ako sa dagat At ninanamnam ang yakap Ng kasisikat pa lamang na araw Ang kaso maraming tula pa akong Dapat sulatin Mga tula ng pag-ibig Pag-ibig na katulad ng dagat Makulay at malalim Ang mga misteryong iniingatan
Morning Puerto del Mar Isla Guimaras Always there is a hidden cove in my heart where all year it is summer and the rain visits only when I am desolate But this morning I am truly at the sea swimming by myself in waters whose lines are clean as a poem Perhaps heavenrsquos jetway is a shore with sand as fine and white as the long dresses of angels Perhaps the chorus of their voices is cool and pure as the lapping tongues of the smallest waves How blissful it would be to take my last breath reclining in the arms of the sea wrapped in the warm rays of a just-risen sun But I have many more poems that I must write Poems of love Love like the sea deep and color-changing custodian of such mysteries
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
Anumang Leksiyon by Rebecca T Antildeonuevo Nagpapantay ang araw at dilim sa pangangalumata ng isipmdash anorsquot may di-inaasahang panauhing dumadalaw at pumapasok sa mga sulok na kahon-kahong salansan ng mga mortal na pangarap at paninimdim Wala iyon sa layo o lamig na nakabalot sa paligid Wala sa pagtigil o pagtakbo ng oras Wala sa pagkapagod ng katawan Wala sa pag-iisa o dahil naliligid tayo ng mga bata at halaman o may babala ang hangin o umaalimuom ang lupa May panauhin pagkat nakikinig ang labi ng mga rosas buko sa buko nabubuhay ang pagkain sa mesa halos magsayaw ang mga kutsara at plato nililinis ng huni ng butiki ang agiw sa bintana sumisigid ang ulan sa mata ng buong bahay Maaari nga nating hamunin ang tadhana para magbiro sa tulad nating parating lango at sala-salabid ang hakbang sa pagsuyo dagdag na mga tanong na walang kasagutan kaliwa o kanan munti o labis isa-isa sabay-sabay sa bakuran ba o kusina Magpapantay pa rin ang dilim at araw Gigising ang liwanag na bagong hangong tinapay Mag-aantanda ng pasasalamat susuong sa siyudad Muli uuwi sa tahanan maghahain para sa hapunan Ang panauhin ay nakabantay at nangungusap sa kanyang katahimikan Gayon ang kagalakan
Whatever Abides Consider how the mind holds daylight and darkness now with the same regard ever since the unexpected guestrsquos arrival its unbetokened entrancendash How itrsquos come to take up residence in your inner life its series of boxes nested and full of such mortal longings and fears None of this is an effect of distance or the cold that begins to enfold everything in the landscape in its embrace I t has nothing to do with the stasis or movement of the hours nothing to do with the bodyrsquos arrival exhausted at the limits of anything it has had to endure I t has nothing to do with being alone or being surrounded by the clamor of children and growing things or whether or not the wind is listing its warnings or the earth its humid and dark glimmerings You know the Beloved has arrived because even the mouths of roses are shaped to listening moving from epiphany to epiphany As if miraculously food appears on the table and the cutlery and dishes could just as well dance suffused with a sense of grace The lizardrsquos tiny call is enough to banish cobwebs from the windows and rain washes clean the housersquos many eyes I trsquos true we tempt the fates to take a capricious delight in the ways we are so bent on walking magnetized in the wake of our own longings Mumbling our endless questions without answers how do we know whether to go right or left take smaller or larger steps take one step at a time or rush headlong all at once into the yard or back into the kitchen
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
There is a moment when even darkness and light are allowed to
touch
at their edges Then light breaks new like warmly risen bread offering
itself like gratitude or a blessing over the whole city only to return
home at evening as if obeying the call to prepare the evening
meal And between this passing night and day the Beloved waits patiently speaks to you even in the silence which is its gift
mysterious joy
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
Poetry of Baltazar
One example of a famous poet that embraced the Tagalog language was Francisco Baltazar Baltazar also known as Francisco Balagatas was a prominent figure in Filipino literature In fact he was so prolific and his impact on Filipino literature was so great that he is sometimes considered to be the Filipino equivalent of William Shakespeare
One of the most famous poems written by Baltazar is an epic called Florante at Laura Although Florante at Laura is actually an awit or song the work has many of the characteristics of a poem and is considered an example of Tagalog poetry
Florante at Laura is divided into stanzas with four lines in each stanza and twelve syllables in each line The epic also uses a classic Tagalog rhyme scheme of AAAA
The following is an excerpt from Florante de Laura entitled Gubat Na Mapaglaw or The Dark Wood The full version is available at Project Gutenbergorg
Sa isang madilim gubat na mapanglaw
(In this dark wood thick with gloom)
dawag na matinik ay walang pagitan
(The thick weave of thorny vineshellip)
halos naghihirap ang kay Pebong silang
(Rays of Phoebus cannot pierce)
dumalaw sa loob na lubhang masukal
(Almost the solid wilderness)
Malalaking kahoy ang inihahandog
(Great trees loom disclosing)
pawang dalamhati kahapisarsquot lungkot
(Sadness only grief despair)
huni pa ng ibon ay nakalulunos
(Mournful birds dispel)
sa labong matipirsquot nagsasayang loob
(The cheerful air the stoic pose)
Tanang mga baging na namimilipit
(Convolutions of the vine)
sa sanga ng kahoy ay balot ng tinik
(On branch and twig bristle with thorns)
may bulo ang bungarsquot nagbibigay-sakit
(Their fruit as if downed with knives)
sa kangino pa mang sumagirsquot malapit
(Wounds the passerby)
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
Ang mga bulaklak ng nagtayong kahoy
(And flowers for the looming trees)
pinakamaputing nag-ungos sa dahon
(Specks of bright shooting through leaves)
pawang kulay luksa at nakiki-ayon
(Wear the color of mourning)
sa nakaliliyong masangsang na amoy
(Sharpen the dizzying stench)
Karamiharsquoy sipres at higerang kutad
(Clumps of cypress and young fig)
na ang lihim niyon ay nakasisindak
(Cast a terrifying shade)
itorsquoy walang bungarsquot dahorsquoy malalapad
(Fruitless they spread great leaves)
na nakadidilim sa loob ng gubat
(Darkness deepens on the weed)
Ang mga hayop pang ditorsquoy gumagala
(And beasts that roam)
karamiharsquoy srsquoyerpersquot basiliskorsquoy madla
(Are shapes of serpent basilisk)
hyenarsquot tigreng ganid na nagsisisila
(Hyena tiger mdash beasts that prey)
ng buhay na taorsquot daigdig kapuwa
(On man and beast
Sample works for Reference Extracted for PhD Literary Translation Class Under DrMyrna Sulit Extracted by Christine J oanne Librero-Desacado PhD student in English 2-14-2015
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
CHAPTER EIGHT
LEXICALIZATION AND MODALIZATION IN
ENGLISH- ARABIC TRANSLATION
PREPOSITIONS AS A CASE STUDYmiddot
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullThe task of the translator is multiple as a decoder
appreciator critic encoder and creator who maintains
an equilibrium to transfer the SL text semantically as
well as stylistically by necessity he reads each word
and each sentence in the SL text as carefully as a
critic before he transfers and finally composes it in
the TL
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullSuch a transference and composition can never be achieved
through literal ie wordfor- word translation which Nida
and Reybum (1981) rightly maintain will inevitably tend to
distort the meaning of the source language (SL) message or
as Andre Lefevere (cited in Bassnett 1996 81) puts it
distorts the sense and the syntax of the original Such a
translation impedes the translators work and stifles his
creativity which is a manifestation of his competence and
intelligence
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullThere is nothing new in repudiating literalism in translation
on which there is now almost a general consensus Lefevere
quotes Horace as antedating such an attitude
bullWord-for-word translation do not find mercy in our eyes
not because they are against the law of translation ( as an
act of communication) but simply because two languages
are never identical in their vocabulary
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullIdeas are common to the understanding of all men but
words and manners of speech are particular to different
nations (Bracketing is Lefeveres) (ibid)
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullLexicalization
bullTo lexicalize a notion according to Quirk et aI (1985 1526) is in lay
terms we now have a word for it By the same token to lexicalize a SL
preposition is to have a lexical item a content word as an equivalent or
more accurately as a correspondentlsquo in the TL Lexicalization be it optional
or obligatory renders the meaning of an expression more explicit or as
Lyons elucidates it is perhaps only when semantic distinctions are
lexicalized rather than grammaticalized that what is expressed
bullis explicit (Lyons 1995193)
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bull82 Modalization
bullAnalogous to lexicalization modalization simply refers to
the use of a TL form of modality for a SL preposition
Obviously modality can be expressed by different parts of
speech The verbal forms of modality in English include
auxiliaries such as will would can could may might
must ought to need as well as finites such as allow permit
etc
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullThe non-verbal forms of modality in English include
adjectives such as probable possible certain adverbs such
as probably ertainly and nouns such as probability
possibility certainty in clauses such as it is probable
possible or a probability possibility or it is certain a
certainty
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
The following diagram displays modality in English and Arabic
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bull821 Modality and Modulation
bullModality is defined by Quirk et al (1985 219) as the
manner in which the meaning of a clause is qualified
The system of modality according to Bell (1991 139) is an
extremely important one since it gives the communicator
the options of expressing an opinion about the extent to
which the assertion ispossible probable certain or frequent
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullHe distinguishes between modality and modulation as
follows the former isconcerned with propositions the latter
with proposals the former comprises probability
possibility certainty andfrequency the latter obligation and
inclination(ibid 139-140)Halliday (1976209) too
distinguishes between modality andmodulation but states
simultaneously that they are closely interrelated
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullThey are the same system in different functionswhere
functions refers to components of the linguistic system the
one is interpersonal the other ideational
Furthermoremodulation is a condition imposed by
someone and if thatsomeone is the speaker himself then it
becomes a kind ofmodality(ibid)
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
bullHence due to this overlap and what Halliday accurately
describes as the complex nature of the relationship
between modality and modulation which he considers a
kind of quasi modality (ibid 205213) it would suffice here
to adopt the term modality as subsuming modulation
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME