Transport through cell Transport through cell membranesmembranes

Transport through cell Transport through cell membranesmembranes

The phospholipid bilayer is a good barrier around cells, The phospholipid bilayer is a good barrier around cells, especially to water soluble molecules. However, for the especially to water soluble molecules. However, for the cell to survive some materials need to be able to enter cell to survive some materials need to be able to enter and leave the cell. This is in order for metabolism to and leave the cell. This is in order for metabolism to occur. The cell needs to get raw materials inside & get occur. The cell needs to get raw materials inside & get rid of poisonous wastes.rid of poisonous wastes.

There are 4 basic mechanisms:There are 4 basic mechanisms:

1.1. DIFFUSION and FACILITATED DIFFUSIONDIFFUSION and FACILITATED DIFFUSION

2.2. OSMOSISOSMOSIS

3.3. ACTIVE TRANSPORTACTIVE TRANSPORT

Diffusion of liquidsDiffusion of liquids

•Diffusion is the net movement of molecules Diffusion is the net movement of molecules (or ions) from a region of their high (or ions) from a region of their high concentration to a region of their lower concentration to a region of their lower concentration.concentration.

The molecules move down a The molecules move down a concentration gradient.concentration gradient.

Molecules have Molecules have kinetic energykinetic energy, which makes them , which makes them move about randomly. move about randomly.

As a result of diffusion molecules reach an As a result of diffusion molecules reach an equilibrium equilibrium where they are evenly spread out.where they are evenly spread out.This is when there is no net movement of molecules This is when there is no net movement of molecules from either side.from either side.

AS Biology, Cell membranes and AS Biology, Cell membranes and TransportTransport 55

DIFFUSIONDIFFUSIONDiffusion is a PASSIVE process which means no energy is used to make the molecules move, they have a natural kinetic energy.

Diffusion through a membraneDiffusion through a membrane

Cell membrane

Inside cell Outside cell

Diffusion through a membraneDiffusion through a membrane

Cell membrane

Inside cell Outside cell

diffusion

Diffusion through a membraneDiffusion through a membrane

Cell membrane

Inside cell Outside cell

EQUILIBRIUM

AS Biology, Cell membranes and AS Biology, Cell membranes and TransportTransport 99

AS Biology, Cell membranes and AS Biology, Cell membranes and TransportTransport 1010

What determines the rate of diffusion?What determines the rate of diffusion?There 4 factors:There 4 factors:

1.1. The steepness of the concentration gradientThe steepness of the concentration gradient. The bigger the . The bigger the difference between the two sides of the membrane the difference between the two sides of the membrane the quicker the rate of diffusion. quicker the rate of diffusion.

2.2. TemperatureTemperature. Higher temperatures give molecules or ions . Higher temperatures give molecules or ions more kinetic energy. Molecules move around faster, so more kinetic energy. Molecules move around faster, so diffusion is faster.diffusion is faster.

3.3. The surface areaThe surface area. The greater the surface area the faster . The greater the surface area the faster the diffusion can take place. This is because the more the diffusion can take place. This is because the more molecules or ions can cross the membrane at any one molecules or ions can cross the membrane at any one moment.moment.

4.4. The type of molecule or ion diffusingThe type of molecule or ion diffusing. Large molecules need . Large molecules need more energy to get them to move so they tend to diffuse more energy to get them to move so they tend to diffuse more slowly. Non-polar molecules diffuse more easily than more slowly. Non-polar molecules diffuse more easily than polar molecules because they are soluble in the non polar polar molecules because they are soluble in the non polar phospholipid tails.phospholipid tails.

Molecules that diffuse through cell Molecules that diffuse through cell membranesmembranes

1.1. OxygenOxygen – Non-polar – Non-polar so diffuses very so diffuses very quickly.quickly.

1.1. Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide – – Polar but very Polar but very small so diffuses small so diffuses quickly.quickly.

2.2. WaterWater – Polar but – Polar but also very small so also very small so diffuses quickly.diffuses quickly.

Facilitated diffusionFacilitated diffusion Large polar molecules such as Large polar molecules such as

glucose glucose and and amino acidsamino acids, , cannot diffuse across the cannot diffuse across the phospholipid bilayer. Also ions phospholipid bilayer. Also ions such as such as NaNa++ or or ClCl-- cannot cannot pass.pass.

These molecules pass through These molecules pass through protein channelsprotein channels instead. instead. Diffusion through these Diffusion through these channels is called channels is called FACILITATED DIFFUSION.FACILITATED DIFFUSION.

Movement of molecules is still Movement of molecules is still PASSIVEPASSIVE just like ordinary just like ordinary diffusion, the only difference diffusion, the only difference is, the molecules go through a is, the molecules go through a protein channel instead of protein channel instead of passing between the passing between the phospholipids.phospholipids.

Facilitated Diffusion through a Facilitated Diffusion through a membranemembrane

Cell membrane

Inside cell Outside cell

Protein channel

Facilitated Diffusion through a Facilitated Diffusion through a membranemembrane

Cell membrane

Inside cell Outside cell

Protein channel

diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion through a Facilitated Diffusion through a membranemembrane

Cell membrane

Inside cell Outside cell

Protein channel

diffusion

EQUILIBRIUM

Facilitated Diffusion:Facilitated Diffusion:Molecules will randomly move through the opening like pore, Molecules will randomly move through the opening like pore, by diffusion. by diffusion. This requires no energy, it is a PASSIVE processThis requires no energy, it is a PASSIVE process. . Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low conc.of low conc.

Facilitated diffusionFacilitated diffusion

OsmosisOsmosis

‘‘The The diffusiondiffusion of water from an of water from an area of high concentration of area of high concentration of water molecules (water molecules (high water high water potentialpotential) to an area of low ) to an area of low concentration of water (concentration of water (low low water potentialwater potential) across a ) across a partially permeable membrane.partially permeable membrane.

OsmosisOsmosis

Cell membrane partially permeable.

Inside cell Outside cellVERY High conc. of water molecules. High water potential.

VERY Low conc. of water molecules. High water potential.

Sugar molecule

DILUTE SOLUTIONCONCENTRATED SOLUTION

OsmosisOsmosis

Cell membrane partially permeable.

Inside cell Outside cellHigh conc. of water molecules. High water potential.

Low conc. of water molecules. High water potential.OSMOSIS

OsmosisOsmosis

Cell membrane partially permeable.

Inside cell Outside cell

OSMOSIS

EQUILIBRIUM. Equal water concentration on each side. Equal water potential has been reached. There is no net movement of water

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Types of SolutionsTypes of SolutionsCells can be found in 3 different types of solutions.Cells can be found in 3 different types of solutions.

Isotonic – when the Isotonic – when the concentrations are equal in concentrations are equal in and out of the celland out of the cell

Hypotonic – when there is a Hypotonic – when there is a greater concentration outside greater concentration outside the cell than inside the cell the cell than inside the cell causing water to pass into causing water to pass into the cell where it may burstthe cell where it may burst

Hypertonic – is the opposite Hypertonic – is the opposite of hypotonic, causes the cell of hypotonic, causes the cell to shrivel and dieto shrivel and die

Diagrams of each solutionDiagrams of each solution

isotonic hypotonic hypertonic

Cell Membrane - Function - EndocytosisCell Membrane - Function - Endocytosis The cell membrane can also engulf structures that are much too large to fit through the The cell membrane can also engulf structures that are much too large to fit through the

pores in the membrane proteins this process is known as endocytosis. In this process the pores in the membrane proteins this process is known as endocytosis. In this process the membrane itself wraps around the particle and pinches off a vesicle inside the cell. membrane itself wraps around the particle and pinches off a vesicle inside the cell.

In this animation an ameba engulfs a food particle.In this animation an ameba engulfs a food particle.

Endocytosis is the case when a molecule causes the cell membrane to is the case when a molecule causes the cell membrane to bulge inward, forming a vesicle. bulge inward, forming a vesicle. Phagocytosis is the type of endocytosis where an entire cell is engulfed is the type of endocytosis where an entire cell is engulfed (eating or killing an invader). (eating or killing an invader). PinocytosisPinocytosis is when the external fluid is engulfed (drinking). is when the external fluid is engulfed (drinking). Receptor-mediated endocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis occurs when the material to be occurs when the material to be transported binds to certain specific molecules in the membrane. transported binds to certain specific molecules in the membrane. Examples include the transport of insulin and cholesterol into animal Examples include the transport of insulin and cholesterol into animal cells.cells.

ExocytosisExocytosis The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. A vesicle is formed inside The opposite of endocytosis is exocytosis. A vesicle is formed inside the cell and moves to the surface. There the vesicle membrane fuses the cell and moves to the surface. There the vesicle membrane fuses

to the cell membrane. The contents of the vesicle are secreted into the to the cell membrane. The contents of the vesicle are secreted into the extracellular fluid.extracellular fluid.