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59TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
Transporting agricultural goods Simalgarhi Samuha, a farmers’ group based in the village of Chainpur, in Nepal’s Chitwan district, has 22 members who grow beans, eggplant
Bharatpur, Pokhara and Kathmandu, but getting their produce to these markets is not easy. Although an all-weather road connects the village to the markets, the road can deteriorate quickly, especially in the rainy season. And because licensed commercial vehicles are in short supply in
the farmers often rely on informal public transport such as unregistered minibuses. This solution is far from ideal as the vehicles neither comply with safety rules nor keep the produce fresh until it reaches the market.
Access to essential transport infrastructure and
-
-
obtain essential inputs and get their crops to
1
-
World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development -
and exports.2
-
-
costs.3
60 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
4 In the -
nation of the trucking cartel and the restrictions
logistics costs.
Appropriate
7 Appropriate professional standards
trucking sector can facilitate trade.8
What transporting agricultural goods data measure
1. Licensing requirements to operate a trucking company. -
-
--
goods.
2. Pricing and freight allocation. These -
are set and how freight is allocated.
3. Axle-load regulation. These data focus
through weighing stations and associat-
4. Mutual recognition of standards and for-eign trucking competition. These data
61TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
focus on bilateral or regional agree-
-
well as restrictions on cross-border truck-
rights.10
Monitoring of road access, density and quality. These data record the existence
-cess (such as the share of the popula-
What the initial pilot results show
trucking sector around the world. Licensing re-
-
policies on transport and infrastructure.
License or permit is required to transport agricultural goods in most pilot countries
Making it easier to obtain licenses for transport
trade and transport.11
-
haulage (registre spécial de transporteur de marchandises pour compte d’autrui
The process of obtaining a license or other au-
-
where the process includes a hearing that re-
-
62 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
-
such as refrigeration for transporting perishable agricultural goods.
applications.
Little intervention in pricing and freight allocation
-
prices.12
-
-
(food grain) and coffee.13
and Transport publishes past prices (based on
FIGURE 7.1:
State concession or franchise
Special license or permit
Registry or notification to a governmentagency or professional association
No special license required
1
7
1
1
Ethiopia
Rwanda
Guatemala Mozambique
Spain Uganda
Nepal
Morocco
Ukraine
Philippines
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
63TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
prices.
associations publish reference prices on their websites or in national newspapers. In nei-
there are no legal sanctions for not following
-
associations (box 7.1).
to belong to a trucking association to operate
-
Axle-load regulations are widespread
BOX 7.1: What is the role of trucking associations?
guidelines and training.
-
(Federation of Truck Transport Associations of Nepal and Federation of Nepalese National Transport -
guidelines (such as those on pricing).
-
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
64 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
FIGURE 7.2: Gross vehicle mass and axle-load limits by country
9 10.211.511.58
13.5111010
56
40 40414546
5356
Ethiopia
Guate
mala
Philip
pines
Rwand
a
Moro
cco
Nepal
Spain
Uganda
Moza
mbique
Ukraine
Tons
0
20
10
30
40
50
60
Gross vehicle mass Maximum weight per axle
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
-
14
tons. All countries except for Morocco and Nepal
Axle-load regulations are enforced through
countries sanction freight carriers for exceeding
countries. Most of the countries also take other
-
International transport agreements are in place, but limited foreign trucking competition remains
65TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
transport rights allowing foreign participation
on the International Transport of Goods under
-ate borders.
-
-tion of axle-load regulations (the Vehicle Load
Transport rights that allow trucks to pick up a
landlocked countries.17 -
-
18
-
-
-
backhauling and triangular rights) (table 7.1).
Indian trucks can operate in Nepal for 72 hours
Broad use of standard government indicators on road quality, but limited reliable data on road access and density
-
20
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TABLE 7.1: Transporting goods from the country’s largest neighboring agricultural trading partner
Country
Types of transport rights granted to foreign companies
Import Backhauling Transit Triangular Cabotage
EthiopiaGuatemalaMorocco
NepalPhilippinesRwandaSpainUgandaUkraine
Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.
Index21 22
- resources (box 7.2).
BOX 7.2: Morocco’s national programs for improving rural roads
-
douars-
Continued next page
67TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
-
a
Data on rural population and travel time to the nearest city
b
c
Enabling the Business of Agriculture-
0 100 200 300 400
Kilometers
Rural popula onwithin 1 hour
within 2 hours
within 3 hours
within 4 hours
over 4 hours (30 %)
MAP B7.2.1: Rural population and travel time to the nearest city over 250,000 inhabitants in Morocco
Source:
Continued next page
BOX 7.2: (Continued)
68 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
BOX 7.2: (Continued)
FIGURE B7.2.1: Access of rural population to cities of over 100,000 and 250,000 inhabitants in Morocco
Perc
ent o
f rur
al p
opul
atio
n be
yond
sp
ecifi
c tra
vel t
ime
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 93
73
49
30
18
86
56
33
20
11
Travel time to cities with over 250,000 inhabitants Travel time to cities with over 100,000 inhabitants
Travel time in hours
-
terai (plain) region.
all countries use the International Roughness
trunk roads in poor condition is as high as 33
Source:a. World Bank 2006; African Development Bank 2013; Ministry of Equipment, Transport and Logistics (Ministère de l’Equipement, du Transport et de la Logistique)
c. Webb 2013.
69TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015
Next steps
This chapter presents the initial results for a
constraints in trucking that can affect the
These data points will be used as a basis for
data collection (see Data notes).
1.
based on the International Roughness --
-Enabling the Business of
Agriculture is exploring the use of geo--
2. and international transport agree-
3. -
data. Another group of indicators would
-
4. --
trucking business. While the focus is pri-
-
perishable goods as well as the distinc-
international transport.
the pilot phase (including through a
to conduct research on transport prices
-
70 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015
Notes
Osborne and Virginia Tanase.
3 Kunaka et al. 2013.
7 World Bank 2012d. 8 World Bank 2010.
11 World Bank 2010.
13 World Bank 2012b.
17 Nathan Associates 2012.
21 The International Roughness Index is a standard scale
roughness in a single wheel path of the road surface.