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ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES TOWARD SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
IN INDONESIA
Dr. Prihasto Setyanto
Tsukuba, August 2015
Indonesia Agricultural Environment Research Institute INDONESIA AGENCY FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Note: Some figures contain unpublished information
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2013 2014
205.1 210.7 216.4 222.7 231.6 238.5 245.4 248.8 253.6
Population of Indonesia (milion)
5236 km
1950 km
Growing population rate
1.35 %
Rice harvest area
-
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1619
9519
9719
9920
0120
0320
0520
0720
0920
1120
1320
15
ha (x
mill
ion)
year
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
2013
2015
100
kg/h
a
Productivity
• Since the Green Revolution on rice has been launched in 1960’s, rice production in Indonesia rose 40% from the early period of rice intensification program, but the rate of increase was highly volatile due to extreme climate anomalies (El Nino / La Nina) and pest incidences.
• Indonesia President’s announced to produce as much as 80 million tones of rice in 2019 and reach national rice self sufficiency in 2017
• How to achieve: Rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure, improvement of soil and plant management, expand rice area (out of Java island), integrated farming system, and strengthen top-down coordination
50% of paddy rice is in Java
The Law of Sustainability The Law of Sustainability has been formulated (Brown, 1994; Sanchez, 2001), as follow: • Carbon emissions must not be higher than carbon fixation, • Forest damage must not faster than forest regeneration, • Extinction of biological types or species must not be more
than the evolution of type or species, • Soil erosion and degradation must not be greater than soil
formation, • Number of fish catch must not much more than fish
regeneration, • Rates of increase in demand for agricultural products do
not exceed the rate of increase in agricultural production, • Rates of increase in human birth must not be higher than
the rate of death.
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
Indonesian Agriculture is important……. • Food security: feeding >240 million people • Employment: 35% of total employment • Value Addition: 14% of total GDP • Trade: 21.5% of value of exports dominated by palm-oil
….. but is facing major challenges in its Transition: • Nutritional Outcomes • Farmer incomes, land tenure • Productivity - Competitiveness • Value addition • Quality and food safety • Sustainability and Environmental Footprints
Source (WB, 2015)
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
Agricultural growth has featured a heavy environmental footprint • Frequent conflict between agricultural support and
environmental protection policies and programs; • Agriculture and aquaculture expansion has been a
major contributor to deforestation and biodiversity loss
• Heavy fertilizer and pesticide use is a major contributor to soil and water pollution
• Agriculture remains a major contributor to GHG emissions, and is showing an upward trend.
Growing environmental risks from and to agriculture
Population density over Flood Hazard
Cultivated land and coastal populations are among the most vulnerable to
climate-related hazards: floods, droughts, temperature change.
Source (WB, 2015)
√
AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
Pollution sources in agricultural land: agricultural activity: excessive agrochemical use
(fertilizer, pesticide) Non agricultural activity (industrial waste, mining
activity, etc.) Polluted agricultural land reduce environmental
quality, threaten food safety, interfere human health IAERI have been mapping agrochemicals residue and
heavy metal in agricultural land since 2012
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
Number and types of pesticides registered in Indonesia (Source: Directorate of Fertilizer and Pesticides, MoA, 2012)
943
725
431
121 72 52 66 18
28 7
11 4
12 InsektisidaHerbisidaFungisidaZPTBahan pengawet kayuMoluskisidaRodentisidaAkarisidaFumiganBakterisidaAtraktanNematisidalain-lain
Insecticides Herbicides Fungicides Growth regulator Wood preservatives Molluscicides Rodenticides Rooticides Fumygans Bactericides Anthraktan Nematicides others
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
2004 2006 2008 2010 2011 2013
1082 1158
1702
2067 2247
2810
PESTICIDES FORMULATION
Tota
l for
mul
atio
n
Detection of banned pesticides in soil and water Persistent
Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Year-banned Range of Detection (ppb) Location
DDT 1990, 2008 (ratification - Stockholm 2001)
0.3 – 52 Upstream watersheds Citarum (Kertasari)
Lindan 1990 , 2008 (ratification- Stockholm 2001)
11 - 40 ; 3 – 8 Upstream and downstream watersheds of Citarum (Karawang), rice centre – Central Java
Aldrin 1990, 2008 (ratification - Stockholm 2001)
0.2 - 107.3 Upstream watersheds Citarum (Kertasari) , downstream
Dieldrin 1990, 2008 (ratification - Stockholm protocol 2001)
0.6 - 7.2; 2.6 – 20.1
Upstream watersheds Citarum (Kertasari), rice centre – Central Java
Heptaklor 2007 (Presidential decree) 2008 (ratification - Stockholm protocol 2001)
0.3 - 25.1 Upstream watersheds Citarum (Kertasari), Bantul
Endrin 1990 14.9 – 76.2
Upstream watersheds Citarum (Kertasari) , downstream
Endosulfan 1990 5 - 13 Upstream watersheds Citarum , rice centre – Central Java
Source : Ramadhanti & Oginawanti, 2009; Mulyadi et al, Harsanti et al. 1999, 2011, 2012, Jatmiko et al,1999, 2010, Ardiwinata et al, 1999, 2006, 2008, 2007., Sriwahyuni et al., 2010
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
M -1 M- 3 M -4 M- 5 M - 6 M- 7 M- 8 M - 9 M - 10 M- 11 M -12 M- 13 M- 14 M -15 M- 16
Conc
entr
atio
n (p
pm)
Farmers
Lindan Aldrin Heptaklor
Endosulfan Paration Profenofos
Pesticides recidue on human blood
Acceptability
MoE Regulation: Kep-02/MENKLH/I/ 1988
Heavy metal Maximum tolerable concentration in water (mg/L)
Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Barium (Ba) Iron (Fe) Manganese (Mn) Copper (Cu) Zinc (Zn) Chromium hexavalent (Cr6+) Cadmium (Cd) Hydragium (Hg) Plumb (Pb) Arsen (As) Selenium (Se)
200 150 0.05
1 0.5 1
15 0.05 0.01
0.001 0.1
0.05 0.01
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
SOURCES OF HEAVY METALS POLLUTION IN PADDY RICE
Source Variety of heavy metals
Location
Steel industries Fe, Cr, Ni, Co, Pb, Cd Juana, Tegal
Industry Pb, Cd, Cu Bengawan Solo and Citarum watershed
Vehicle exhaust Pb Rice fields along the transportation path
Organic fertilizer Cd, Pb, Zn Bengawan Solo watershed
Soil Pb, Cd Bengawan Solo and Citarum Watershed
(Source: IAERI, 2011)
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
In Indonesia, based on historical natural hazards data from 1907-2006, the first climate hazards categorized as global
hazard occurred in 1953 and then the hazards occurred more frequent after 1980s.
Source: Boer and Perdinan (2008) based on data from OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database (2007)
Global warming intensified the extreme climate event and its frequency
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2
4
68
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1950
1955
1960
1965
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1980
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Num
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f Clim
ate-
Rel
ated
. H
azar
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Global warming affect global climate system and enhance the frequency and intensity of ENSO
• El Niño events have become more frequent as the global temperature anomalies associated with each El Niño continue to increase. This means that the extreme regional weather and climate anomalies associated with El Niño are being exacerbated by increasingly higher temperatures (width of lines indicate length of El-Nino, i.e. between 6-18 month)
Sumber:http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/1998/enso/10elnino.html
Multidimensional Role of Agriculture on Climate Change
23 KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
1. Agriculture is a victim of climate change: climate change affects agricultural sustainability and productivity due to temperature rise, increased rainfall intensity, prolonged dry period and more frequent El Niño which is designated by severe drought
2. Source of greenhouse gases: land use change to agriculture may increase green house gases emission and agricultural operation may release carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)
3. Agriculture can also mitigate the climate change (solution): significant amount of carbon could be absorb by plant through photosynthesis
Sources of GHG emissions in Indonesia in (MoE, 2010)
Agricuture contributes 4% of Indonesian GHG emissions. However, by improving land use change and management strategies, agriculture can play a significant role in reducing GHG emissions.
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
Sector Target 26%, (Gt CO2e)
Target 41% (Gt CO2e)
Agriculture 0.008 0.011 Forestry and peatland 0.672 1.039 Energy and transportation 0.038 0.056 Industry 0.001 0.005 Waste management 0.048 0.078 Total 0.767 1.189
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
Soil Degradation
• Soil degradation is any type of problem that removes soil in an area or makes high-quality soil become
poor. Careless agricultural practices, pollution and deforestation are the main cause of soil degradation.
Several types of soil degradation exist and are a threat to natural forests and planted crops.
• Read more: Types of Soil Degradation | eHow.com
http://www.ehow.com/list_6523052_types-soil-degradation.html#ixzz2FuczEfSE
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN
Soil Erosion • Soil erosion is a natural process characterized by the
transport or displacement of particles (sediment) that are detached by rainfall, flowing water, or wind.
Soil erosion can be caused by the improper use of lands for cultivation or grazing and by deforestation.
Land use change Land Degradation
Changes to the Mahakam River delta over time. Source: Yves Laumonier
NATURAL DISASTER: TSUNAMI-ACEH INDONESIA 2004
Damage area:
Rice fields + horticulture 20.101 ha
Upland crops 31.345 ha
plantation 56.500 ha
Promoting a More Resilient Agriculture
• Multi-sectoral—agriculture, environment, public services, and trade
• Spatially differentiated—taking into account natural resources, environmental risks, and local institutional capacities
• Involving a combination of spatial (landscape), value chain, and sub-sectoral approaches
• Utilizing various instruments—regulatory, facilitative, financial, public investments and services
Sustainable Agriculture
Water management +
Irrigation Services
Green Agriculture
Technology and Information
Systems
Sustainable Commodity
Value Chains
Integrated Landscape
Management
Pesticides, Heavy metals, Environment, Sustainable rice fields, etc
REGULATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
MoA Regulation No : 01/Permentan/OT. 140/1/2007 -- List of Active Ingridients on Prohibitted Pesticides and Limited Pesticides
MoA No : 24/Permentan/SR.140/4/2011 -- Terms and Procedure for Pesticides Registration
MoA Regulation No 107/Permentan/SR.140/9/2014 -- Control of Pesticides
Government Regulations No 18/1999 -- Waste Management of Hazardous and Toxic Elements
Government Regulation No. 82 /2001 -- Management of Water Quality and Control of Water Pollution
REGULATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
MoA Regulation No : 27/Permentan/PP.340/5/2009 -- Food Safety Supervision of for Fresh Food
MoA Regulation No : 88/Permentan/PP.340/12/2011 -- Food Safety Supervision on Fresh Food
MoA Regulation No 04/Permentan/PP.340/2/2015 -- Food Safety Supervision of Fresh Food
MoE Regulation No 01/ 2010 – Water Pollution Control Procedure
SNI 7387:2009 – Tolerable Limit of Heavy Metals Contamination in Food
Supporting Sustainable Agriculture through Integrated Landscape Management
Shared or agreed management objectives that encompass multiple benefits, including participation and voice of affected farming and other communities
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10 principles of environmental friendly agriculture (IAERI, 2014)
1. Increase crop productivity 2. Conservation of soil and water 3. Zero waste 4. Conservation of biological diversity 5. Low in agrochemicals residues 6. Utilize local natural resources 7. Adaptive to climate change 8. Integration between crop and
livestock 9. Low in heavy metal pollutant 10.Low greenhouse gases emission
Sustainable Agriculture
Closing Remarks • One of the challenges for Indonesia sustainable
agriculture development is the reduction of agrochemical pollutants in the environment
• Climate change becomes serious problem for sustainable agriculture developments, therefore there is a need to integrate between adaptation and mitigation. Without doing so, the impact of climate disasters in the future will be more severe, the investment required for managing climate disasters will be more expensive, and cost for recovery will also increase significantly
• Implementing the principles of environmental friendly approach (10 principles) is a must in order to achieve agriculture sustainability
KEMENTERIAN PERTANIAN